Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction 13
1.1. Research Background 13
1.2. Research Questions 15
1.3. Organization of the Thesis 16
2. Literature Review 17
2.1. Attention in Second Language Acquisition 17
2.2. Visual Input Enhancement 20
2.3. Grammatical Features 26
2.3.1. Grammatical Difficulty 26
2.3.2. Target Forms 30
2.4. Working Memory Capacity 33
3. Methodology 40
3.1. Participants 40
3.2. Procedure 41
3.3. Materials 43
3.3.1. Reading Comprehension 43
3.3.2. Grammar Tests 44
3.3.3. Working Memory Capacity 46
3.4. Method of Analysis 47
4. Results 48
4.1. The Effects of Visual Input Enhancement 48
4.1.1. Reading Comprehension 48
4.1.2. Grammar Learning 50
4.2. The Effects of Working Memory Capacity 55
4.2.1. Working Memory Composite 56
4.2.2. Working Memory Storage 59
4.2.3. Working Memory Processing 61
5. Discussions 65
5.1. The Effectiveness of Visual Input Enhancement 65
5.2. Working Memory Capacity as Individual Variable 70
6. Conclusion 73
References 76
Appendices 87
Appendix A. Flier for Participant Recruitment 87
Appendix B. Reading Materials and Reading Comprehension 88
Appendix C. Grammaticality Judgement Test 94
Appendix D. Fill-in-the-blank Task 99
Appendix E. Noticing Comments 105
Appendix F. Working Memory Capacity Materials 107
국문초록 110
Table 2.1. Complexity differences between relative clauses and articles 31
Table 4.1. Descriptive statistics for reading comprehension scores of the relative group and the control group 48
Table 4.2. Independent t-test summary for reading comprehension between the relative group and the control group 49
Table 4.3. Descriptive statistics for reading comprehension scores of the article group and the control group 49
Table 4.4. Independent t-test summary for reading comprehension between the article group and the control group 50
Table 4.5. Descriptive statistics for grammar pretest and posttests for relative clauses 51
Table 4.6. Independent t-test summary for the pretest on relative clauses between the relative group and the control group 51
Table 4.7. Independent t-test summary for immediate posttest on relative clauses between the relative group and the control group 52
Table 4.8. Independent t-test summary for the delayed posttest on relative clauses between the relative group and the control group 52
Table 4.9. Descriptive statistics for pretest and posttests for articles 53
Table 4.10. Independent t-test summary for pretest on articles between the article group and the control group 53
Table 4.11. Independent t-test summary for immediate posttest on articles between the article group and the control group 54
Table 4.12. Independent t-test summary for the delayed posttest on articles between the article group and the control group 54
Table 4.13. Descriptive statistics for the relative group 56
Table 4.14. Non-parametric test for the relative group 57
Table 4.15. Descriptive statistics for the article group 57
Table 4.16. Non-parametric test for the article group 58
Table 4.17. Descriptive statistics for the relative group 59
Table 4.18. Non-parametric test for the relative group 60
Table 4.19. Descriptive statistics for the article group 60
Table 4.20. Non-parametric test for the article group 61
Table 4.21. Descriptive statistics for the relative group 62
Table 4.22. Non-parametric test for the relative group 62
Table 4.23. Descriptive statistics for the article group 63
Table 4.24. Non-parametric test for the article group 64
Figure 1. Multicomponent model of working memory 34
Figure 2. The procedure of the study 42
Figure 3. Working memory task 47