표제지
ABSTRACT
목차
Nomenclature 12
제1장 서론 14
제1절 연구배경 및 목적 14
제2절 이론 배경 16
1. 에멀젼(Emulsion) 16
2. 계면의 에너지와 특성 20
3. 아스팔텐(Asphaltene) 36
4. 그래핀(Graphene) 39
5. 그래핀(Graphene)의 특성 42
6. 그래핀(Graphene)의 합성 45
제2장 실험 및 결과 분석 49
1. 실험배경 및 목적 49
2. 실험재료 53
3. 실험방법 55
(1) 흑연 종류에 따른 산화그래핀(Graphene Oxide, GO)의 제조 55
(2) 산화그래핀(Graphene oxide, GO) 농도에 따른 Crude oil / Water 에멀젼의 제조 55
(3) Brine water 및 산화그래핀(Graphene Oxide, GO)이 첨가된 Crude oil / Water 에멀젼의 제조 56
4. 측정 및 분석방법 57
(1) FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)을 통한 화학적 구조 분석 57
(2) Raman spectroscopy을 이용한 구조적 결함 및 형태 분석 57
(3) TEM (Transmission electron microscope)을 이용한 표면 분석 57
(4) Crude oil / Water의 계면장력(Interfacial tension) 측정 57
(5) Bottle test를 통한 Crude oil / Water의 Demulsification 분석 58
(6) 광학현미경(Optical microscope)을 이용한 Oil Drop의 응집 현상 분석 58
(7) UV-Vis Spectrophotometer을 통한 Crude oil / Water 에멀젼의 흡광도 분석 58
5. 결과 59
(1) 흑연 종류에 따른 산화그래핀(Graphene Oxide, GO)의 제조 59
(2) 산화그래핀(Graphene oxide, GO) 농도에 따른 Crude oil / Water 에멀젼의 제조 64
(3) Brine water 및 산화그래핀(Graphene Oxide, GO)이 첨가된 Crude oil / Water 에멀젼의 제조 73
제3장 결론 80
참고문헌 82
국문요약 87
Table. 1. The uses of surfactants by different HLB values 29
Table. 2. The Properties of Graphene 44
Table. 3. The physical properties of Crude Oil 54
Figure. 1. The different types of emulsion (a) oil-in-water (b) water-in-oil (c),(d) multiple emulsion. 17
Figure. 2. Types and typical droplet diameter sizes of macro, nano and microemulsions. 18
Figure. 3. Thermodynamic phenomenon's in nanoemulsions. 19
Figure. 4. Gibbs model of dividing interface and absortion. 23
Figure. 5. Schematic illustration of the reversible monomer-micelle thermodynamic equilibrium. 26
Figure. 6. A Graph of the relationship between surfactant concentration and surface tension for mixed polymer-surfactant solution. For comparison, the... 27
Figure. 7. Schematic phase diagram of surfactant. Usual surfactant solutions are above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) line and... 28
Figure. 8. Winsor model of equal volumes of organic phase with surfactant. 31
Figure. 9. A series of phase diagram of a ternary system transformed from Winsor I (a, b) via Winsor (III c, d, e) to Winsor... 32
Figure. 10. Schematic of phase change of a system containing equal amounts of oil, water and low concentration of surfactant. 33
Figure. 11. Graph of potential energy of interaction versus interparticle distance, (1) a strong charge on the paarticles and (2) a weak charge. VR...[이미지참조] 35
Figure. 12. (a) The optimized structure of the GO/rGO and asphaltenes by BLYP-D3/Def2-SVP. (b) The color-filled reduced density gradient(RDG)... 38
Figure. 13. Structure of carbon allotropes : Graphene, Carbon nanotube, Fullerene, Diamond, Graphite. 40
Figure. 14. Structure of Graphite showing the sp² carbon atoms bounded in hexagonal rings. 41
Figure. 15. Synthesis of graphene oxide : (a) Mechanical exfoliation "Scotch Tape" method. (b) Liquid exfoliation. (c) Chemical vapor deposition (CVD). (d)... 47
Figure. 16. (a) Schematic chemical structures of graphene, graphene oxide(GO), and reduced graphene oxide(rGO). (b) Route of graphite to graphene oxide and... 48
Figure. 17. Schematic of Du-neuy ring mehtod 51
Figure. 18. Schematic of oil drop coalescence by graphene oxide 52
Figure. 19. FT-IR spectrum of Graphene oxide(cGO and gGO) 61
Figure. 20. Raman spectrum of Graphene oxide : (a) cGO and (b) gGO 62
Figure. 21. TEM image of Graphene oxide : (a) cGO and (b) gGO 63
Figure. 22. O/W interfacial tension of SDS and (a) SDS@cGO, (b) SDS@gGO 67
Figure. 23. Application of the Gibbs adsorption equation to Oil / Water interface 68
Figure. 24. Result of Crude oil / Water emulsion bottle test SDS, (a) SDS@cGO(~1800sec), (b) SDS@cGO(~120sec) and (c) SDS@gGO(~1800sec),... 69
Figure. 25. Image of optical microscope and bottle test (a) only SDS (b) SDS@gGO(5mg/L) (c) SDS@cGO(5mg/L) 70
Figure. 26. Average of oil drop size by concentration of graphene oxide 71
Figure. 27. UV-Vis spectrum of Crude oil / Water emulsion 72
Figure. 28. O/W interfacial tension of SDS, SDS@cGO(5mg/L) and concentration by brine water : SDS@cGO@Bw(0.1wt%), SDS@cGO@Bw(0.3wt%),... 75
Figure. 29. Result of Crude oil / Water emulsion bottle test SDS, SDS@Bw and SDS@cGO@Bw (a) ~1800sec, (b) ~120sec 76
Figure. 30. Image of optical microscope and bottle test (a) only SDS (b) SDS@cGO@Bw(1wt%) (c) SDS@cGO@Bw(5wt%) 77
Figure. 31. Average of oil drop size by concentration of brine water 78
Figure. 32. UV-Vis spectrum of Crude oil / Water emulsion for concentration by brine water 79