Title Page
Contents
General Abstract 12
General Introduction 15
Literature review 22
Chapter 1. Effect of Pollinator Habitat on Pollinator Diversity and Abundance 33
Abstract 34
Ⅰ. Introduction 36
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 39
2.1. Creating pollinator habitat within apple valley 39
2.2. Habit scoring of each orchard based on landscape analysis 40
2.3. Measuring honey bee activity on flower blossom 42
2.4. Monitoring wild pollinator in apple orchard 43
2.5. Statistical analysis 45
Ⅲ. Result 48
3.1. Habitat score by landscape analysis 48
3.2. Relationship of habitat score and honey bee activity 48
3.3. Pollinator diversity and abundance relative to the distance from the pollinator habitat 49
Ⅳ. Discussion 52
Chapter 2. Evaluation of Apple Quality and Production Relative to Honey Bee and Wild Pollinator Abundance 68
Abstract 69
Ⅰ. Introduction 71
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 74
2.1. Study site 74
2.2. Initial fruit late and seed set 74
2.3. Measurement of apple quality 75
2.4. Statistical analysis 77
Ⅲ. Result 78
3.1. Initial fruit and seed set 78
3.2. Pollinator and apple quality 79
3.3. Comparison of apple quality relative to the distance from pollinator habitat 80
Ⅳ. Discussion 82
Chapter 3. Variation of Pest Natural Enemy Occurrences Relative to the Distance from Pollinator Habitat in Apple Orchards 90
Abstract 91
Ⅰ. Introduction 93
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 96
2.1. Study site 96
2.2. Monitoring herbivores and natural enemies occurrences 96
2.3. Statistical Analysis 98
Ⅲ. Result 100
3.1. Occurrence patterns of pests and natural enemies 100
3.2. Abundance of major apple pests 102
3.3. Diversity of pests and natural enemies relative to the distance from pollinator habitat 103
Ⅳ. Discussion 104
V. Conclusion 120
Reference 123
KOREAN ABSTRACT 164
LITERATURE REVIEW 32
Table 1. Pollination dependency of major fruit tree and vegetable crop over the world 32
CHAPTER 1 56
Table 1. Summary of 20 apple orchards where investigation was conducted 56
Table 2. Landscape analysis was conducted on 20 orchards selected in Giran, Andong, South Korea, and the components were weighted. The weight was... 57
Table 3. The proportional composition of land cover (%) within 2.5 km radius of 20 apple orchards studied in Giran, Andong, South Korea 58
Table 4. Habitat score within a radius of 2.5 km in 20 apple orchards located in Giran, Andong, South Korea. Excluding all landscape elements with zero weight. The habitat score was calculated by multiplying the landscape coverage by the weight 59
Table 5. Pollinator insect diversity (mean ± SE) in orchards depending on distance from habitat. The orchards were classified into two groups (Near and Far) based on distance. The mean difference between two was verified through the t-test (n = 12) 60
Table 6. Major pollinator density (mean ± SE) in orchards depending on distance from habitat. The orchards were classified into two groups (Near and Far) based on distance. The mean difference between two was verified through the t-test (n = 12) 61
Table 7. Results of a linear mixed effect model (LMM) analysis to determine the effect of habitat score on number of honey bees and density of wild pollinators.... 62
CHAPTER 2 85
Table 1. Results of a linear mixed effect model (LMM) analysis to determine the effect of number of honey bee and density of wild pollinator on apple quality. Fixed effects are year (2019~2021) 85
Table 2. Comparison of the average initial fruit rate per orchard and the average number of initial seed per orchards and apple quality (mean ± SE) at six apple... 86
CHAPTER 3 108
Table 1. Comparison of natural enemies (parasitoid and predator) and pest mean densities (mean ± SE) between six apple orchards nearby pollinator habitats (NPH)... 108
Table 2. Results of a linear mixed effect model (LMM) analysis to determine the effect of habitat score on insect pests, parasitoids and predators. Fixed effects are... 109
Table 3. List of major pests of apples provided by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in South Korea 110
Table 4. Comparison of major apple pests average densities (mean ± SE) between six apple orchards nearby pollinator habitats (NPH) and a faraway six apple orchard... 112
Table 5. Comparison of pest, predator, and parasitoid (mean ± SE) between six apple orchards nearby pollinator habitats (NPH) and a faraway six apple orchard (FPH)... 113
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21
Fig. 1. Overall representation of study schematic of pollination friendly apple agricultural management. Evaluation of the diversity and density of the pollinators, the impact of the pollination on apple yield a quality the reaction of the pests and natural enemies. 21
CHAPTER 1 63
Fig. 1. Location of each years pollinator habitat (yellow circle) and apple orchard (red and blue circle) in Giran, Andong, South Korea. In 2019 and 2020, had only... 63
Fig. 2. A panoramic view of the pollinator habitat created every April (2019~2022) by rapeseed in Giran, Andong, South Korea. 64
Fig. 3. Background of apple orchards selected for investigation (A). Installed yellow pan traps (B) and captured insects (C) in Giran, Andong, South Korea. 65
Fig. 4. Correlation between number of honey bee per apple orchard and each apple orchard of habitat score from 2019 to 2021 in Giran, Andong, South Korea.... 66
Fig. 5. Correlation between average number of honey bees per apple orchard during 5 minute and distance from pollinator habitat in Giran, Andong, South Korea.... 67
CHAPTER 2 87
Fig. 1. From 2019 to 2021, during apple blossom flowering season panoramic view of the apple orchard (A) selected around the pollinator habitat in Giran, Andong,... 87
Fig. 2. Correlation between number of honey bee per 5 min and number of initial apple fruit seed from 2019 to 2021 in Giran, Andong, South Korea. 88
Fig. 3. Correlation between number of honey bee per 5 min and number of initial apple fruit rate from 2020 to 2021 in Giran, Andong, South Korea. 89
CHAPTER 3 114
Fig. 1. Location of creation pollinator habitat (yellow circles) and selected six apple orchards nearby pollinator habitat (red circles) and a faraway six apple orchards... 114
Fig. 2. In 2022, the habitat of pollinator habitat in Giran, Andong, South Korea (A). We were created to pollinator habitat by planting barley (Hordeum vulgare), and... 115
Fig. 3. Fauna of parasitoid captured by yellow sticky traps in apple orchard nearby pollinator habitat (NPH) and a far away from pollinator habitat (FPH) in 2022. 116
Fig. 4. Fauna of predator captured by yellow sticky traps in apple orchard nearby pollinator habitat (NPH) and a far away from pollinator habitat (FPH) in 2022. 117
Fig. 5. Fauna of herbivore (pest) captured by yellow sticky traps in apple orchard nearby pollinator habitat (NPH) and a far away from pollinator habitat (FPH) in 2022. 118
Fig. 6. From April to September 2022, the average density per orchard of pests and natural enemies occurred in apple orchards around the pollinator habitat in Giran,... 119