표제지
목차
Abstract 11
Ⅰ. 서론 13
1.1. 소나무재선충병 현황 13
1.1.1. 소나무의 중요성 및 소나무재선충병 피해 13
1.1.2. 소나무재선충병의 매개충인 수염하늘소속(Monochamus) 17
1.1.3. 소나무재선충병의 현행 방제 방법 및 생물적 방제 유용성 22
1.1.4. 천적을 이용한 생물적 방제 23
1.2. 연구 목적 25
1.2.1. 유망 기생천적 선발 및 야외 기생 특성 구명 25
1.2.2. 실내사육을 통한 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 생물적 특성 구명 26
Ⅱ. 재료 및 방법 28
2.1. 기생천적 탐색 28
2.1.1. 실험 장소의 일반적인 현황 28
2.1.2. 산란유인목의 제작 29
2.1.3. 산란유인목의 야외 설치 30
2.1.4. 산란유인목 해체 및 기생천적 사육 32
2.1.5. 숙주 유충의 영기 구분 33
2.1.6. 기생천적의 분포에 영향을 미치는 생태적 요인 분석 34
2.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 발육 및 산란 특성 조사 35
2.2.1. 실내사육을 위한 기생천적 확보 35
2.2.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 실내사육 36
2.2.3. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 저온저장 39
2.3. 데이터 분석 39
Ⅲ. 결과 41
3.1. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 일반적 특성 41
3.1.1. 고치벌과(Braconidae) 기생천적의 특징 41
3.1.2. Cyanopterus 속의 형태 및 생태적 특징 43
3.1.3. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 분류, 형태, 분포, 숙주 44
3.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 기생 특성 46
3.2.1. 수염하늘소속(Monochamus) 매개충의 유망 기생천적 선발 46
3.2.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 숙주 선호성 48
3.2.3. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 수고 및 숲의 깊이에 따른 기생율 49
3.2.4. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 시기별 기생율 50
3.2.5. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 환경 요인에 따른 기생율 51
3.2.6. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 숙주 영기별 기생 선호성 52
3.2.7. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 숙주 밀도 및 성비에 따른 기생율 53
3.3. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 산란 및 발육 특성 54
3.3.1. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 숙주별 발육 및 산란 특성 54
3.3.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 온도별 발육 및 산란 특성 56
3.3.3. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 산란과 발육에 있어 온도와 숙주의 상호작용 57
3.3.4. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 숙주 크기별 산란 선호성 58
3.3.5. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 발육태별 특징 59
3.3.6. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 번데기 저온저장 61
3.3.7. 넙적머리푸른고치벌 성충의 크기별 수명과 기생율 62
3.3.8. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 산란행동과 숙주 반응 62
Ⅳ. 고찰 64
4.1. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 기생 특성 64
4.1.1. 매개충의 발육과 기생벌의 방사 64
4.1.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 효과적인 방사 위치 67
4.1.3. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 성비 67
4.1.4. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 숙주 밀도에 따른 기생율 68
4.2. 넙적머리푸른고치벌의 산란 및 발육 특성 70
4.2.1. 실내사육에 있어 효과적인 온도와 숙주 70
4.2.2. 다양한 유충 영기에 기생이 가능한 요인 71
Ⅴ. 참고문헌 73
Table 1. Detailed information on study sites (Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea) for detecting parasitoids to vectors of the pine wood nematode using the sentinel logs 86
Table 2. The number of Cyanopterus flavator collected from Pohang-si and Jinju-si 87
Table 3. Number of sentinel logs including vectors of the pine wilt disease used for indoor rearing experiment 88
Table 4. Parasitoids and their parasitisms discovered from Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius larvae using sentinel logs at Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South... 89
Table 5. Comparison of parasitism rates in Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius by Cyanopterus flavator 90
Table 6. Parasitism rate analysis for each height of the sentinel log and forest depth using mixed effect model (2018–2020) 91
Table 7. Results on understory vegetation for each survey site 92
Table 8. Climate data during survey periods (2018–2020) 93
Table 9. Preliminary study on characteristics of pine tree (Pinus koraiensis) and density of Monochamus spp. at survey sites to investigate parasitic wasps using sentinel logs 94
Table 10. Correlation analysis between environmental factors and parasitism rates by Cyanopterus flavator 95
Table 11. Correlation analysis between no. of parasitized host larvae or sex ratio and host density for Cyanopterus flavator 96
Table 12. Comparison analysis of between ecological and oviposition characteristics of Cyanopterus flavator by host 97
Table 13. Comparison analysis of between ecological and oviposition characteristics of Cyanopterus flavator by temperature 98
Table 14. Interaction effect analysis between host and temperature for Cyanopterus flavator in the indoor rearing experiment 99
Table 15. Period and size of each developmental stage of Cyanopterus flavator by sex 100
Table 16. Emergence rates of Cyanopterus flavator pupae by cold storages for breaking dormancy 101
Table 17. Correlation analysis between lifespan and parasitism rate with adult size of Cyanopterus flavator 102
Table 18. Collected adults of pine wood nematode's vectors using pheromone traps at survey sites in 2022 103
Table 19. Head capsule width of Monochamus alternatus larva parasitized by Cyanopterus flavator 104
Table 20. Functional response test on relationship between host density and number of host larvae parasitized in Cyanopterus flavator 105
Figure 1. Number of pine trees infested by the pine wood nematode from 2012 to 2020 in South Korea. 106
Figure 2. Two cerambycid vectors of pine wood nematode caused the pine wilt disease (PWD) in South Korea. (A) male of Monochamus alternatus; (B) male of M. saltuarius. 107
Figure 3. Number of pine trees infected by the pine wilt disease (PWD) in each province of South Korea. GG: Gyeonggi-do, GW: Gangwon-do, CB: Chungcheongbuk-do, CN: Chungcheongnam-do, JB: Jeollabuk-do, JN: Jeollanam-do, GB: Gyeongsangbuk-do,... 108
Figure 4. Location of survey sites in Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. 109
Figure 5. Preparation of sentinel logs for surveys on natural enemy of Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius. (A) a rearing box of M. alternatus and M. saltuarius with Korean pine logs to induce oviposition of Cyanopterus flavator; (B) drilled and... 110
Figure 6. A simplified schematic installation of sentinel logs in survey sites. 111
Figure 7. Installation process of sentinel logs using a BigShot and ropes in survey sites. (A) preparation for sentinel logs of Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius;... 112
Figure 8. Dissecting process of sentinel logs exposed during 2 weeks in the field and rearing of parasitoids. (A) debarking of sentinel logs to collect intact or parasitized... 113
Figure 9. Measurement of head capsule width to determine larval instars of Monochmaus alternatus and M. saltuarius. 114
Figure 10. Finding environmental factors at the survey sites. (A) understory vegetation survey; (B) records of weather conditions with HOBO; (C) measurement... 115
Figure 11. Locations and landscape of sites for collection of Cyanopterus flavator, used to rear in indoor condition. (A) Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do; (B) Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do. 116
Figure 12. Conditions of breeding cages for rearing of Cyanopterus flavator. (A) a rearing cage in frontal view; (B) a rearing cage with meshed holes for air flow in... 117
Figure 13. Indoor-rearing experiment of Cyanopterus flavator. (A) a sentinel log; (B) emerged C. flavator; (C) a sentinel log and C. flavator in rearing cages; (D) dissection... 118
Figure 14. Low temperature chambers for studying the storage conditions of Cyanopterus flavator pupae. (A) 4℃ chamber; (B) 10℃ chamber. 119
Figure 15. Confirmed parasitoids belong to the family Braconidae of Monochamus alternatus or M. saltuarius. (A) Spathius verustus; (B) Doryctes striatellus; (C)... 120
Figure 16. Confirmed parasitoids belong to families Bethylidae and Ichneumonidae of Monochamus alternatus or M. saltuarius. (A) Xorides sepulchralis; (B)... 121
Figure 17. Confirmed parasitoids belong to the family Pteromalidae of Monochamus alternatus or M. saltuarius. (A) Heydenia sp. 1; (B) Pteromalidae sp. 1; (C)... 122
Figure 18. Seasonal occurrence and parasitism rate of Cyanopterus flavator in 2018–2020. 123
Figure 19. Parasitism rates of Cyanopterus flavator by host larval instars. (A) parasitism rates on various larval instars of Monochamus alternatus; (B) parasitism... 124
Figure 20. Parasitism rates by host larval instar and temperature. (A) on Monochamus alternatus larvae; (B) on M. saltuarius larvae. 125
Figure 21. Developmental stages of Cyanopterus flavator. (A) an egg; (B) a young larva of C. flavator on a host larva (Monochamus alternatus); (C) a larva of C.... 126
Figure 22. Oviposition of Cyanopterus flavator and state of non-parasitized / parasitized host larva (Monochamus alternatus). (A) spawning on host inside pine... 127
Figure 23. Two holes for different purposes on pine trees. (A) exit hole of Cyanopterus flavator adult; (B) entrance hole of Monochamus alternatus larvae. 128
Figure 24. Comparison of the relationship between ecological features of two vectors and Cyanopterus flavator. (A) Monochamus alternatus and C. flavator; (B) M. saltuarius and C. flavator. 129
Figure 25. Comparison of the relationship between the preferred height of oviposition of Monochamus alternatus and the parasitism rate of Cyanopterus flavator by height of sentinel logs. 130
Figure 26. Fecundity of Cyanopterus flavator during 6 weeks on two host species and three temperature conditions in indoor rearing. 131