Title Page
Contents
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 14
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES 17
Ⅰ. Heat Stress 17
Temperature Humidity Index(THI) 17
Physiological Reaction 19
Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 21
Ⅱ. Oxidative stress 23
Superoxide dismutase 26
Glutathione peroxidase 28
Malondialdehyde (MDA) 29
Cortisol 30
Ⅲ. MINERAL 32
Mineral in Animal Nutrition 32
Advances in Conceptual Understanding of Mineral Nutrition 34
General Functions of Mineral 38
Inorganic Mineral 38
Organic Mineral 41
Minerals and its Application 43
Selenium, Zinc, Copper, and Iron 45
REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER Ⅰ. Effects of Inorganic and Organic Mineral Supplementation on Blood Antioxidant Status and Rumen Microbiota Composition of Holstein Calves under Short-term Heat Stress and Recovery Condition 68
Abstract 69
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 71
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 73
1. Animal Care 73
2. Animals, Experimental Design, and Diet 73
3. Sample Collection and Measurements 76
4. Sample Analysis 77
5. Statistical Analysis 83
Ⅲ. RESULTS 84
1. Growth Performance, Body Temperature and Respiration Rate 84
2. Serum Biochemistry, Mineral Concentrations, Cortisol, TOS, TAS and OSI 88
3. Plasma SOD, GPX, MDA and HSPs 91
4. Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Composition of Rumen Microbiota 93
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 98
Ⅴ. CONCLUSION 100
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 101
CHAPTER Ⅱ. Higher Concentration of Dietary Selenium, Zinc, And Copper Complex Reduces Heat Stress-Associated Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Alteration in the Blood of Holstein and Jersey Steers 110
Abstract 111
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 113
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 116
1. Animals, Experimental Design, and Diet 116
2. Recording of Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) 119
3. Sample Collection, and Processing 119
4. Analysis of Serum Biochemistry, Trace Minerals, SOD, and HSPs 120
5. Analysis of Serum Metabolites 121
6. Statistical Analysis 125
Ⅲ. RESULTS 126
1. Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Trace Minerals, SOD, and HSPs 126
2. Serum Metabolites 132
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 142
Ⅴ. Conclusion 148
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 149
CHAPTER Ⅲ. Influence of Dietary Organic Trace Minerals on Enteric Methane Emissions and Rumen Microbiota of Heat-Stressed Dairy Steers 163
Abstract 164
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 166
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 169
1. Animals, Experimental Design, and Diet 169
2. Measurement of Enteric CH₄ Emission 173
3. Sample Collection and the Processing and Recording of Rectal Temperature 174
4. Analyses of Ruminal NH₃-N and VFA Concentrations 175
5. DNA Extraction and Metataxonomic Analysis 175
6. Statistical Analysis 178
Ⅲ. RESULT 179
1. DMI, Enteric CH₄ Emission, and Rumen Fermentation Characteristics 179
2. Species Richness, Diversity, and Composition of Rumen Microbiota 183
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 197
Ⅴ. CONCLUSION 200
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 201
GENERAL CONCLUSION 211
ABBREVIATIONS 213
UNITS 216
CHAPTER Ⅰ. Effects of Inorganic and Organic Mineral Supplementation on Blood Antioxidant Status and Rumen Microbiota Composition of Holstein Calves under Short-term Heat Stress and Recovery Condition 75
Table 1. Composition of mineral supplementation 75
Table 2. Chemical composition of the Timothy hay and Concentrate on percentage 75
Table 3. The recorded ambient temperature, relative humidity and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) during the study periods. 76
Table 4. Growth performance of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures. 85
Table 5. Body temperature of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures. 86
Table 6. Serum biochemistry and mineral concentrations of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures. 89
Table 7. Plasma SOD, GPX, MDA and HSPs of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures. 92
Table 8. Rumen fermentation characteristics of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures. 94
CHAPTER Ⅱ. Higher Concentration of Dietary Selenium, Zinc, And Copper Complex Reduces Heat Stress-Associated Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Alteration in the Blood of Holstein and Jersey Steers 118
Table 1. Chemical composition of total mixed ration (TMR). 118
Table 2. Tempeerature-humidity index (Mean±SD) of the expeimental periods. 119
Table 3. Growth performance, serum biochemistry, trace mineral, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and heat-shock proteins (HSPs) concentrations of Holstein and Jersey steers supplemented with different concentration of minerals. 128
Table 4. Levels of 12 OAs, 16 FAs, 26 AAs, Kruskal Wallis test, and VIP score of PLS-DA in Holstein serum. 135
Table 5. Levels of 12 OAs, 16 FAs, 26 AAs, Kruskal Wallis test, and VIP score of PLS-DA in Jersey serum. 137
CHAPTER Ⅲ. Influence of Dietary Organic Trace Minerals on Enteric Methane Emissions and Rumen Microbiota of Heat-Stressed Dairy Steer 172
Table 1. Chemical composition of total mixed ration (TMR) 172
Table 2. DMI and enteric methane emission of Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation 181
Table 3. Rumen fermentation characteristics of Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation 182
Table 4. Species richness and diversity of rumen bacteria in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation 187
Table 5. Rumen bacterial abundance at the phylum level in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. 193
Table 6. Rumen bacterial abundance at the genus level in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. 194
Table 7. Rumen archaeal abundance at the genus level in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. 195
Table 8. Rumen archaeal abundance at the species level in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. 196
CHAPTER Ⅰ. Effects of Inorganic and Organic Mineral Supplementation on Blood Antioxidant Status and Rumen Microbiota Composition of Holstein Calves under Short- term Heat Stress and Recovery Condition 74
Figure 1. Timeline describing overall study design, data and sample collection for each period 74
Figure 2. Respiration rate of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures. Con: Basal diet (without mineral supplementation), IM:... 87
Figure 3. (a) Serum Cortisol, (b) total oxidant status(TOS), total antioxidant status(TAS) and oxidative stress index(OSI) of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic... 90
Figure 4. Rumen bacterial abundance at the phylum level of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures.... 95
Figure 5. Rumen bacterial abundance at the genus level of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures.... 96
Figure 6. Rumen bacterial abundance at the species level of Holstein calves supplemented with inorganic and organic minerals at different temperatures.... 97
CHAPTER Ⅱ. Higher Concentration of Dietary Selenium, Zinc, And Copper Complex Reduces Heat Stress-Associated Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Alteration in the Blood of Holstein and Jersey Steers 130
Figure 1. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration of Holstein (A) and Jersey steers (B) supplemented with different concentration of minerals. Con: only total mixed ration (TMR)... 130
Figure 2. Serum concentrations of Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in Holstein (A, C) and Jersey steers (B, D) supplemented with different concentration of minerals. Con: only TMR (without... 131
Figure 3. Star symbol plots of OAs (a and d), FAs (b and e), and AAs (c and f) in the sera of Holstein (a, b, c) and Jersey steers (d, e, f) supplemented with different concentration of... 139
Figure 4. PLS-DA analyses for the serum metabolites of Holstein (a) and Jersey (b) steers supplemented with different concentration of minerals. Con: only TMR (without mineral... 140
Figure 5. Variable importance analysis of top 15 serum metabolites in Holstein (a) and Jersey (b) steers supplemented with different concentration of minerals. Hol: Holstein, Jer: Jersey,... 141
CHAPTER Ⅲ. Influence of Dietary Organic Trace Minerals on Enteric Methane Emissions and Rumen Microbiota of Heat- Stressed Dairy Steer 188
Figure 1. Rarefaction measures of the rumen bacterial community of Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. 188
Figure 2. Principal coordinates analysis plot based on weighted (left) and unweighted Unifrac distance (right) showing the rumen bacterial community of Holstein and Jersey steers with... 189
Figure 3. Rumen bacterial abundance at the phylum level in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. Con: only TMR (without mineral... 190
Figure 4. Rumen bacterial abundance at the genus level in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. Con: only TMR (without mineral... 191
Figure 5. Rumen methanogen abundance at the genus (a) and species (b) levels in Holstein and Jersey steers with different levels of mineral supplementation. Con: only TMR (without... 192