Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS 12
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 13
1.1. Overview of Lithium-ion batteries 13
1.2. The transition toward polyvalent-cation batteries 17
1.3. The drawbacks of current electrolyte systems for CIBs 21
1.4. Research objectives 23
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 25
2.1. Materials preparation 25
2.2. Materials characterization 26
2.3. Electrochemical measurements 27
CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
3.1. Fabrication of Prussian Green on Nickel Foam 29
3.2. Electrochemical performance of calcium-based hybrid electrolytes 31
CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE 48
APPENDICES 50
REFERENCES 59
Table 1.1. Properties of mono- and multivalent charge carriers 19
Table 3.1. Extracted values for resistance and Warburg coefficient (Ωs-0.5) for three different electrolyte systems.[이미지참조] 41
Table 3.2. Electrochemical performance of various CIBs full cell 47
Table S.1. Mass comparison of coated nickel foam substrates during solubility test. 56
Figure 1.1. Major applications of LIBs in 2015-2016 13
Figure 1.2. "rocking chair" mechanism of the LiCoO₂ battery 14
Figure 1.3. LIBs models and their corresponding price (USD per kWh) since 1990 15
Figure 1.4. Li₂CO₃ price in China over the past three years 16
Figure 1.5. Shannon's ionic radii for mono- and multivalent ions. 18
Figure 1.6. The development timeline of calcium metal anode 20
Figure 1.7. Popular salt and solvents for CIBs organic electrolyte 22
Figure 2.1. Drop coating of 2D-PG on nickel foam 27
Figure 3.1. SEM image of pristine nickel foam at a) 100x magnification and b) 500x magnification; SEM image of coated nickel... 30
Figure 3.2. a) ESWs of various Ca(ClO₄)₂-based electrolytes determined by CV tests at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1; b) FT-IR spectra...[이미지참조] 33
Figure 3.3. Long-term cycling performance of various calcium- based electrolyte system at a current density of 0.1 mAh g-1.[이미지참조] 36
Figure 3.4. Electrochemical performance of the Ca(ClO₄)₂/(H₂O)₄(AN)₄.8 electrolyte system. a) Long-term cycling... 38
Figure 3.5. a) Nyquist plots of cells employing three different electrolytes between the frequency range of 100MHz to 100mHz at an... 40
Figure 3.6. a-b) SEM images of pristine 2D-PG at various magnification levels, c-d) SEM image of coated nickel foam after 50... 44
Figure S.1. Galvanostatic charge-discharge profile at stable cycling and the corresponding differential capacity analysis graph of a-b)... 50
Figure S.2. a-d) In-situ hydrothermal growth of PB cubes on nickel foam at different magnification levels. 51
Figure S.3. a) AN and b) water solution containing the drop-coated nickel foam after 24 hours of submersion. 51
Figure S.4. a-b) SEM of NibdcNH 2 at various magnification levels. 52
Figure S.5. XRD patterns of a) PG and b) NibdcNH₂; c) FT-IR spectrum of PG. 52
Figure S.6. EDS elemental composition analysis of nickel foam subjected to 50 cycles in a) Ca(ClO4)2/(H2O)4(AN)4.8 electrolyte and...[이미지참조] 53
Figure S.7. a) EDS elemental mapping and b) elemental composition analysis of coated nickel foam cathode after 1000 cycles. 54
Figure S.8. a) XPS of 2D-PG; b-c) TEM of 2D-PG 55