Title Page
Abstract
Contents
List of abbreviations 11
Chapter 1. Introduction 16
1.1. Background 16
1.2. Thesis Statement 18
1.3. Electricity as source of country economy growth 19
1.4. Methodology 20
1.5. The main objective and specific objectives. 20
1.5.1. Objectives 21
1.6. The main structure of the thesis 21
Chapter 2. Literature review 22
2.1. Background 22
2.2. Hydro power technology systems 24
2.2.1. Classification by Technology 25
2.3. Tanzania Energy situation 26
2.3.1. Tanzania power production. 26
2.3.2. Thermal power plants status 27
2.3.3. Hydropower plant status in Tanzania 28
2.3.4. Importance of constructing hydro power plant in Tanzania for future generation 29
2.3.5. The energy policy and power master plan in Tanzania 30
2.3.6. Hydropower resources assessment in Tanzania 31
2.3.7. Hydropower resources status 31
2.4. Barriers and solution in hydropower development in Tanzania 32
2.4.1. Hydrology status in Tanzania 33
2.4.2. Effects of Climate Change on Hydropower Generations. 33
2.4.3. Policy and regulation towards hydropower development in Tanzania 34
2.4.4. Tanzania electricity price according to (EWURA, 2021). Both price are VAT Excluded 35
2.4.5. Power consumption by purpose in reference for towards Tanzanian policy 36
2.4.6. Electricity rate in comparison to Tanzania towards its policy 36
2.4.7. Ongoing hydropower plant projects. 38
2.5. Challenges happened in New Zealand hydro power plant in lesson to Tanzania 38
2.5.1. Sediment management in New Zealand 39
2.5.2. Environmental impacts in New Zealand alongside the down and upstream the storage 40
2.6. Challenges of hydropower in EU in lesson to Tanzania as a developing country. 40
2.6.1. Albania 40
2.6.2. Poland 41
2.6.3. The success of hydropower plant in Norway 41
Chapter 3. Methodology 45
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. RET Screen Expert software 45
3.3. The collected data 47
3.3.1. Facility and climate data recorded per year in Morogoro region 47
3.3.2. Flow rate data 48
3.3.3. Head of the facility hydropower plant 50
3.3.4. The domestic electricity price in Tanzania VAT excluded 52
3.3.5. Incentives and grants for initial investment of 4 Pelton type turbines engine technology 54
3.3.6. Different data collected from the existing kihansi power plant since 2018 to 2022 as reference for the proposed project. 54
3.3.7. Recorded emission in Tanzania in tCO2 56
3.3.8. Number of jet for impulse turbine in Pelton type technology at Kihansi 180MW hydro power plant. 57
3.3.8. Expected outcome of the proposed facility 57
Chapter 4. Simulation Results and Tables 59
4.1. Bench mark 59
4.2. Executive summary 60
4.3. Sensitivity, risk and financial viability analysis of the project. 62
4.4. The Net present value 62
4.5. Technical analysis and evaluation 65
4.5.1. Maximum tail water effect 65
4.5.2. Residue flow 65
4.5.3. Efficient adjustment 66
4.5.4. Design coefficient 66
4.5.5. Firm flow 66
4.5.6. Flow-duration curve data analysis 67
4.5.7. Turbine efficiency curve data 67
4.5.8. Number of jet for impulse turbine 68
4.5.9. Turbine efficient analysis. 68
4.5.10. Flow duration and power curves 69
4.5.11. Available flow adjustment factor 70
4.5.12. Capacity factor 71
4.5.13. GHG reduction value 71
4.6. Energy production cost/ Levelized Cost Of Electricity or LCOE 73
4.7. Level of risk for project 73
Chapter 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 74
5.1. Conclusion 74
5.2. Limitation and challenges 75
5.3. Recommendations 75
References 77
Table 1. Installed capacities with main hydropower producing nations 23
Table 2. The two largest hydropower plants in the world 24
Table 3. Definition of hydropower (MW) in various nations 25
Table 4. Categories by kind of flow and operation. 25
Table 5. Lists of Isolated Power plants as of the year 2020. 27
Table 6. Tanzania's grid-connected hydropower facilities 29
Table 7. Sedimentation of New Zealand reservoirs 39
Table 8. A list of frequently reported environmental effects for in the chosen subset of small-scale hydropower facilitiea 43
Table 9. Technical details and effects of the three major projects, including the total effects of 27 smaller hydroelectric projects. 43
Table 10. Data gathered from Lower Kihansi hydropower plant 49
Table 11. Classification of head 51
Table 12. Categorized hydropower plants based on installed capacity 51
Table 13. Tanzania thermal and hydroelectric facility unit generating cost unit as of 2021 52
Table 14. The kWh units that the Kihansi power plant exported to the grid between 2018 to 2022 53
Table 15. The kWh-generated units at the Kihansi power plant from 2018 to 2022 54
Table 16. Plant load factor in % from 2018 to 2022 55
Table 17. Kihansi 180 MW plant availability in percent from 2020 to 2022 55
Table 18. Dam water levels (m.a.s.l) 56
Table 19. Technical findings and evaluations 65
Table 20. Information on the turbine efficiency curve and water flow 67
Table 21. The efficiency Pelton turbine with two jets 68
Table 22. List of the technical criteria for evaluating the financial viability. 70
Table 23. Capacity factor 71
Table 24. Electricity and Transportation sector annual emission emissions from 2010 to 2019 72
Table 25. The cost of unit generated by present plant in dollars ($/kWh) from the existing facility and simulated result 73
Figure 1. Location of Tanzania in East 16
Figure 2. GDP Growth by 2022 in Tanzania 19
Figure 3. Population growth in Tanzania 19
Figure 4. Proposed upper Kihansi 200MW hydropower facility 20
Figure 5. Classification of hydropower plants 24
Figure 6. Tanzania regions with potential hydropower resources 28
Figure 7. The sources used to generate electricity in Tanzania 30
Figure 8. a: Hydropower resources status in Tanzania b: Electricity generation by using hydropower resources with plant factors 31
Figure 9. Photograph of Kihansi, the location of the 200MW project, showing the mountains through which the water is flowing 32
Figure 10. The hydrology and sediment transport of the Rufiji River 33
Figure 11. Projected CO2 emissions scenarios 34
Figure 12. Electricity rate developed country. 36
Figure 13. Cost of power in Korea in comparison to OECD. 37
Figure 14. Projected global energy consumption by fuel with constant hydropower through to 2035 37
Figure 15. The proportion of electricity generated by hydropower in a few European nations 41
Figure 16. Image depicts a dam in Norway with a 100meter height and a427 billion m³ capacity. 42
Figure 17. Per capita hydropower production in a few European nations 44
Figure 18. The Workflow as a whole of the RETScreen expert software 46
Figure 19. Climate information and the location of Kihansi in the Morogoro region. 47
Figure 20. Hydro System structure 50
Figure 21. Head characteristics and the technology type 50
Figure 22. Tanzania's greenhouse gas emission as of 2020 56
Figure 23. Energy production cost simulation results for various technologies @$0.125/kWh 59
Figure 24. Revenue from electricity export for the Kihansi 200MW power plant 60
Figure 25. Financial viability simulation result for Kihansi 200MW power plant 61
Figure 26. Kihansi 200MW power plant results from annual cash flow simulation 61
Figure 27. Kihansi 200MW hydro power project Impacts risk analysis result 62
Figure 28. Kihansi 200MW hydropower project Sensitivity analysis findings 62
Figure 29. Financial parameters simulation results for the project's 50- year's lifespan 63
Figure 30. Sensitivity analysis result for a single machine for the kihansi 50 MW hydropower project. 64
Figure 31. Turbine efficiency 68
Figure 32. Simulation results for the flow duration and power curves. 69
Figure 33. Results of the simulation of the Kihansi 200MW power project's GHG emissions reduction 71
Figure 34. The project's 50- year beginning cost analysis simulation outcome 72