Title Page
Abstract
Contents
I. Introduction 9
II. Literature Review 12
2.1. Rural-urban Fringe 12
2.2. Living Lab for Innovation in Rural-urban Fringe 13
2.3. Compatibility of Ulju-gun, Ulsan for Serving as Mobility Living Lab 14
2.4. The Process of Establishing a Living Lab as a Research Topic 15
III. Method 17
3.1. Background 17
3.2. Overall Process 18
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis 21
IV. Findings 25
4.1. Challenges caused by the different understanding of what a living lab is by different stakeholders 25
4.2. Challenges caused by the unfamiliarity with the open innovation principle of living labs 27
4.2.1. Bureaucracy in public organizations 27
4.2.2. Requests for more details in the proposal despite the premises of open innovation of living labs 28
4.3. Challenges caused by the official procedures that does not involve studying the real-life context of citizens 29
4.4. Expectation mismatch about the outcome of a living lab 31
4.5. Advice on operationalizing a living lab under the current circumstances by disconnecting needs-finding and testing 33
V. Conclusion and Discussion 36
REFERENCE 38
Appendices 41
Appendix A. Ideation results with three topics 41
Appendix B. Example of the topic guide for meeting (Removal of Personal Information) 42
Appendix C. Visual aids of initial findings with summary and direct quotes (A3 size for each) 43
Appendix D. Workshop outcomes of consortium map 44
Table 1. List of meetings with stakeholders 23
Table 2. List of workshop participants 24
Figure 1. Overall process of establishing a mobility living lab 18
Figure 2. Research process with 14 participants 18
Figure 3. Sharing material for meetings with stakeholders 20
Figure 4. Images of meeting and workshop. (a) Meeting on May 16, 2022 with public servant at Ulsan Traffic Management Center, (b) Sharing a consortium map in workshop on June 3, 2022 20