Title Page
Executive Summary
Contents
Terms and Abbreviations 12
1. Introduction 13
1.1. Background 13
1.2. Research Aim and Method 14
1.2.1. Research Methodology 14
1.2.2. Research Question 15
1.3. Research Process 16
1.4. Thesis Structure 16
2. Preliminary Study 17
2.1. Related Works 17
2.1.1. Measuring of Pain 17
2.1.2. Representation of Pain 18
3. Design Proposal 19
3.1. Project Definition 19
3.1.1. Target Context 19
3.1.2. Interaction Primitives 20
3.1.3. SQTT: Tangible Interface for Online Pain Communication 21
3.2. Input Device of SQTT 22
3.2.1. Design of Tangible Product to Measure Pain 22
3.2.2. Design Requirements 25
3.2.3. Design Implementation 27
3.3. Output Device of SQTT 33
3.3.1. Design of Tangible Product to Represent Pain 33
3.3.2. Design Process 33
3.3.3. Design Implementation 33
4. User Study 39
4.1. Study Aim 39
4.2. Methodology 40
4.2.1. Participant 40
4.2.2. Method 40
4.3. Results 44
4.4. Integrated User Study 46
5. Discussion 49
5.1. Discussion points 49
5.1.1. Twisting Expression for Pain Intensity 49
5.1.2. Squeezable Tangible User Interface 49
5.1.3. Supportive Interface for Online Pain Communication 49
5.2. Design Implication 50
5.3. Limitation 50
6. Conclusion 51
6.1. Summary and Contribution 51
6.2. Further Study 52
REFERENCE 53
Appendix 56
Executive Summary in Korean 62
Table 1. Organized painful experiences from design workshop participants during 3-days... 22
Table 2. Elements of concept-generating matrix 23
Table 3. Organized results from design concepts and thoughts about the input device 25
Table 4. Finalized design requirements for an input device of SQTT 26
Table 5. Debriefing and in-depth interview question design 47
Figure 1. Research methodology overview: research through design involves two abstracted design processes for... 14
Figure 2. Research question designates extra interface between patient and caregiver 15
Figure 3. Research process overview; research through design 16
Figure 4. candidates of interaction primitives from preliminary discussion 20
Figure 5. prototype for twisting device(left) and squeezing device(right) 20
Figure 6. Abstract interface for pain communication of SQTT 21
Figure 7. Main activities of design workshop 23
Figure 8. Organized result of design workshop 24
Figure 9. Initial design of input device to meet 26
Figure 10. Prototype of pain logger collecting a force from squeezing with a force-sensitive resister 27
Figure 11. Illustration of an optical-based bend sensor (retrieved from Cheung et al. (2018)) 27
Figure 12. The basic concept of the sensing module 28
Figure 13. First prototype of proposed sensor 28
Figure 14. Example of sensor modularization and application 29
Figure 15. Trials of proposed sensor module 29
Figure 16. Block diagram and flow chart of SQTT input device 29
Figure 17. Sensor module with two or more LDR can detects overall deformation and can imply... 30
Figure 18. Final prototype of input device of SQTT 30
Figure 19. ADC value from LDR, blue: ADC value from LDR when LED is turned off (ambient... 30
Figure 20. The relationship between ADC values from ambient light and LED light at the... 31
Figure 21. Flowchart of measuring deformation of sensor module 32
Figure 22. Sketches to satisfy design requirements 33
Figure 23. Reducing body part's density by carving surface 34
Figure 24. The first concept of SQTT output device 34
Figure 25. Second concept of SQTT output device 34
Figure 26. design mechanical structures 35
Figure 27. Prototype of second concept of SQTT output device includes improved mechanical structure 35
Figure 28. The final design of SQTT output device 35
Figure 29. Graphical twisting expression of final design of SQTT output device 36
Figure 30. Block diagram of SQTT output device 36
Figure 31. Flow chart of SQTT output device 37
Figure 32. PCB of SQTT output device and its placement 37
Figure 33. Example bending expression of SQTT output device 38
Figure 34. Example twisting expression of SQTT output device 38
Figure 35. Experiment protocol for input experiment 40
Figure 36. Example thumbnails of each pain type and experiment environment 40
Figure 37. Experiment system diagram 41
Figure 38. Graph of movements based on rendering method 41
Figure 39. Example of movement squence from P10 with raw rendering method 42
Figure 40. experiment protocol for output experiment 42
Figure 41. user study description; two sessions for each device 43
Figure 42. Box plot shows distribution of VAS score of each video 44
Figure 43. Four grasping patterns from participants 44
Figure 44. squeezing input result of a sporting injure video from P7 45
Figure 45. Difference of VAS score between input experiment and output experiment. (Original... 45
Figure 46. Experiment system of integrated user study 46
Figure 47. Experiment protocol of integrated user study 47
Figure 48. Experiment environment of integrated user study 47