Title Page
Contents
Abstract 11
I. Introduction 15
1. The Need and Purpose of the Study 15
II. Theoretical background 21
1. Structure and function of the skin 21
1.1. Keratinization 25
1.2. Percutaneous absorption 28
2. Understanding of Nanoemulsion 31
2.1. Emulsion Stability 35
2.2. Nanoemulsion production and phase behavior 39
2.3. Technology Trend of Nanoemulsion 45
3. Polyol 48
3.1. Moisturizing functions of polyols 48
3.2. Effect of polyol on emulsification stability 51
III. Experimental method 55
1. Experimental materials and equipment 55
1.1. Materials 55
1.2. Equipment 56
2. Experimental method 58
2.1. Nanoemulsion making 58
2.2. Conditional Stability 61
IV. Experimental Results 64
1. Sample Nomenclature 64
2. Appearance Observation 67
2.1. Transparency according to oil content 67
2.1. Nanoemulsion production according to polyol type and content 70
3. Particle Size 80
3.1. Particle size by Butylene glycol content 80
3.2. Particle size by Propanediol content 82
3.3. Particle size by Pentylene glycol content 84
3.4. Particle size by Glycerin content 86
3.5. Particle size by Dipropylene glycol content 88
3.6. Overall Particle Size Trend 90
4. Zeta Potential 91
4.1. Zeta potential by Butylene glycol content 91
4.2. Zeta Potential by Propandiol Content 93
4.3. Zeta potential by Pentylene glycol content 95
4.4. Zeta Potential by Glycerin content 97
4.5. Zeta potential by Dipropylene glycol content 99
4.6. Overall Zeta Potential Trend 101
5. Comparison of the effect of polyols on low-viscosity nanoemulsion 102
V. Conclusion 104
References 108
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 114
〈Table 1〉 Comparison of macroemulsion, nanoemulsion and microemulsion 34
〈Table 2〉 List of Used Materials 57
〈Table 3〉 Composition of Formulation prepared upon polyol type 60
〈Table 4〉 Sample notation 65
[Figure 1] Structure of human skin. 23
[Figure 2] The skin lipids structural organization. 24
[Figure 3] Stratum corneum. 27
[Figure 4] The skin surface with the three possible penetration. 30
[Figure 5] Schematic representation of the different instabilities... 36
[Figure 6] DLVO theory example. (Changing the electrical charge on... 38
[Figure 7] Schematic representation of the experimental. 43
[Figure 8] Phase diagram of water/liquid paraffin/POE(24)monooleate 44
[Figure 9] The ternary phase diagram of polyoxyethylene oleyl ether,... 53
[Figure 10] The ternary phase diagram of polyoxyethylene oleyl ether,... 54
[Figure 11] Phase inversion emulsification process on the phase diagram. 59
[Figure 12] Diagram showing the ionic concentration and potential... 63
[Figure 13] Appearance upon changes in Octyldodecanol content. 69
[Figure 14] Appearance upon changes in Butylene Glycol content at... 75
[Figure 15] Appearance upon changes in Propanediol content at 25℃... 76
[Figure 16] Appearance upon changes in Pentylene Glycol content at... 77
[Figure 17] Appearance upon changes in Glycerin content at 25℃ and... 78
[Figure 18] Appearance upon changes in Dipropylene Glycol content... 79
[Figure 19] Particle size according to Butylene glycol content at... 81
[Figure 20] Particle size according to Propanediol content at 25°... 83
[Figure 21] Particle size upon changes in Pentylene glycol content... 85
[Figure 22] Particle size according to Glycerin content at 25°... 87
[Figure 23] Particle size according to Dipropylene glycol content... 89
[Figure 24] Zeta potential according to Butylene glycol content at... 92
[Figure 25] Zeta potential according to Propanediol content at 25°... 94
[Figure 26] Zeta potential upon changes in Pentylene glycol in... 96
[Figure 27] Zeta potential according to Glycerin content at 25° and... 98
[Figure 28] Zeta potential according to Dipropylene glycol content... 100