Title Page
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ABSTRACT
Contents
Chapter One Introduction 10
1.1. Statement of Purpose 10
1.2. Legal Issues 11
1.3. Objective of Study 12
1.4. Research Methodology 14
1.5. Scope and limitation of Research 15
Chapter Two The overview of expropriation principle in international investment law 16
2.1. General concept of expropriation 16
2.1.1. Definition of expropriation 17
2.1.2. Classification of expropriation 25
2.2. Regulatory measures not amounting to expropriation 28
2.3. Conditions for lawful expropriation 35
2.4. Legal liability of the host country for the expropriation of a foreign investor 39
2.5. Conclusion 41
Chapter Three Form of expropriation 43
3.1. Direct expropriation 43
3.1.1. Nationalization 46
3.1.2. Requisition of property 51
3.2. Indirect expropriation 54
3.2.1. Creeping expropriation 63
3.2.2. Regulatory taking 65
3.3. Conclusion 67
Chapter Four Compensation of expropriation for foreign investments 69
4.1. The liability of the host country towards foreign investment in expropriation 69
4.1.1. Controversial issue related to compensation liability of the host country 69
4.1.2. Distinction between liability upon lawful and unlawful expropriation 74
4.2. The standard of compensation for lawful expropriation 77
4.2.1. The standard of full compensation 77
4.2.2. The standard of partial compensation 79
4.3. The standard of compensation for unlawful expropriation 83
4.3.1. Customary International law 83
4.3.2. Full reparation for unlawful expropriation 85
4.3.3. The value of restitution 86
4.4. Conclusion 87
Chapter Five Practical issue of expropriation in international investment law 89
5.1. Practical evaluation methods of arbitral tribunals 89
5.2. Approach to expropriation to ensure sustainable development of host countries. 93
5.3. Achieve sustainable development through constitution of IIAs 96
5.4. Balance the interest of foreign investor and the host country in expropriation cases 101
5.4.1. Cases favoring the foreign investor's interests 102
5.4.2. Cases favoring the host state's interests 105
5.5. Conclusion 107
Chapter Six Conclusion 109
Bibliography 112