Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 9
CHAPTER 2. Basic Concepts and Current Situation of Cross-border Surrogacy 14
2.1. Definition and Classification of Surrogacy 14
2.1.1. The concept of subject in cross-border surrogacy 15
2.1.2. Traditional vs. Gestational Surrogacy 16
2.1.3. Altruistic Surrogacy vs. Commercial Surrogacy 17
2.1.4. Cross-border Surrogacy 18
2.2. A Booming Industry 19
2.3. The Necessity of Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgment on Cross-border Surrogacy 21
2.3.1. Legal Parenthood in Transnational Surrogacy 22
2.3.2. Conducive to the determination of the nationality of surrogate children 24
2.3.3. Conducive to the realization of the civil rights of surrogate children 26
CHAPTER 3. International Legal Framework under Internal Law 27
3.1. The Hague Conference on Private International Law 28
3.2. Convention on the Rights of the Child and the principle of the best interest of the children 32
3.3. EU Transnational Surrogacy Legislation 36
3.3.1. The role of the European Court of Human Rights 37
3.3.2. The Formulation of EU Substantive Law of Transnational Surrogacy 38
3.5. From the Perspective of Domestic Law 40
3.6. Conclusion 44
CHAPTER 4. Refusing to recognize the international practice of Cross-border surrogacy judgments 46
4.1. Refusal to recognize the foreign judgment of Cross-border surrogacy due to prohibition of surrogacy 47
4.2. Public Policy 48
4.2.1. Surrogacy violates the dignity of the surrogate mother 49
4.2.2. The realization of childbearing rights should be restricted 51
4.2.3. Surrogacy violates the dignity of surrogate children 53
4.3. Refusal to recognize the judicial practice of Cross-border surrogacy 54
4.3.1. Mukai case 54
4.3.1. France vs Labassee Case 56
4.4. Divergence of Domestic Rules on the Establishment of Legal Parenthood 59
4.4.1. Delivery/ Gestation 60
4.4.2. Genes 61
4.4.3. Presumption of marriage 63
4.4.4. Intent 64
4.5. Conclusion 68
CHAPTER 5. The development trend of limited recognition of cross-border surrogacy judgments 69
5.1. Legislation changes related to cross-border surrogacy in various countries 70
5.2. National legislation permitting surrogacy refines surrogacy 72
5.2.1. Thailand's legislative changes 72
5.2.2. Legislative changes in India 74
5.3. Judicial Practice of Limited Recognition of cross-border Judgments of Transnational Surrogacy 75
5.4. New Trends in the Recognition of Transnational Surrogacy Judgments - dissociate recognition method 78
5.4.1. Contents of The Dissociate recognition method 79
5.4.2. Divisional Recognition of Extraterritorial Judgments in Foreign Surrogacy 81
5.4.3. Judicial Practice of Divisional Recognition 84
5.5. Conclusion 86
CHAPTER 6. Potential International Instruments Regarding the Determination of Legal Parenthood in Transnational Surrogacy 88
6.1. A Model Law Relating to Transnational Surrogacy 91
6.2. A Model Law Relating to Transnational Surrogacy can learn from Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Inter-country Adoption 97
6.3. The establishment of a global regulatory mechanism for transnational surrogacy 99
6.4. Conclusion 104
Conclusion 106
REFERENCES (BIBLIOGRAPHY) 112