Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction and methodology 11
1.1. Introduction 11
1.2. Methodology 12
Chapter 2. Literature review 16
2.1. Global Warming and role of carbon capture technology 16
2.2. CO₂ capturing plant 17
2.2.1. AMINE SCRUBBING 18
2.3. CO₂ Storage 21
2.3.1. Global CO₂ Storage Capacity 22
2.4. Sequestration into oil and gas reservoirs 23
2.4.1. Estimation of incremental oil production in a CO₂-EOR project 24
2.4.2. Evaluating the CO₂ sequestration capacity through EOR 26
2.4.3. The volumetric method for estimating the CO₂ Sequestration in Oil Reservoirs which are not using EOR 26
2.5. CO₂ capturing cost estimation for NGCC power plant based on IPCC 27
2.6. CO₂ transport costs 28
2.7. CO₂ storage costs 28
2.8. CCS costs evaluation 29
2.9. Cost evaluation by using Integrated Environmental Control Model Simulator(IECM) 30
2.9.1. Capital Cost estimation by IECM 31
2.9.2. Operation and Maintenance Cost (O&M) 32
2.9.3. CO₂ capturing cost and avoided cost 33
Chapter 3. Case study and Cost evaluation 34
3.1. Iran's energy status and CO₂ emission 34
3.1.1. Power plants and their role of emission in Iran 36
3.2. CO₂ storage survey in Iran 38
3.2.1. CO₂ Storage in underground formations 38
3.2.2. CO₂ capturing and injection for EOR purpose 39
3.3. Carbon capture and storage from Ramin power plant 43
3.3.1. CO2 Capturing by amine scrubbing from Ramin's flue gas 45
3.3.2. Procedure of CCS deployment over Ramin power plant 46
3.3.3. Results validation 53
3.3.4. CO₂ storage site selection 54
3.3.5. CO2 Transportation cost for Ramin power plant 59
3.4. Sensitivity analysis between oil price and COE 59
3.5. Legal & Regulatory Framework 65
3.5.1. Market creation for carbon capture and storage method 65
3.5.2. Subsidies and tax 66
Chapter 4. Conclusion 67
References 71
Table 2-1. CO₂ capturing methods and characteristics. 17
Table 2-2. EOR screening parameters based on Bachu et al.'s report 25
Table 2-3. summary for implementation of capturing plant for NGCC. 27
Table 2-4. CO₂ Transportation costs 250 km onshore pipelines for 1 tone of CO₂ 28
Table 2-5. Sequestration cost for 1 tone of CO₂ in geological formation. 29
Table 2-6. Total estimated cost for a CCS plant for new NGCC power plants based on Rubin... 30
Table 2-7. Important parameters in MEA cost evaluation. 31
Table 2-8. Parameters of O&M cost for a MEA capturing plant 32
Table 3-1. Power production (MW) in Iran and the portion of each power section 37
Table 3-2. Gas injection volume into Iran's oil fields in 2011-2017. 40
Table 3-3. Largest power plant in Iran. 43
Table 3-4. Major Power plants in Khuzestan province 43
Table 3-5. Ramin power plant's specifications 44
Table 3-6. Co2 production of Ramin power plant 44
Table 3-7. Ramin's flue gas composition 45
Table 3-8. Summary of Base Plant Details by IECM 48
Table 3-9. Fuel properties and cost 49
Table 3-10. Results of implementing CCS for Ramin power plant by IECM [for half production] 52
Table 3-11. Cost of Capture plant for Ramin power plant [for 3 units] 52
Table 3-12. Comparing Cost estimation over Ramin and Edward S.Rubin's report 53
Table 3-13. Khuzestan major oil fields 55
Table 3-14. Ramin oil field's specifications 56
Table 3-15. Screening parameters for CO₂ injection 57
Table 3-16. Transportation Cost, estimated through IECM 59
Table 3-17. Breakdown of CO₂-EOR project's costs and benefit 60
Table 4-1. Results of capturing implementation over Ramin Power plant by IECM 68
Figure 1-1. Ramin power plant and the oil fields in the vicinity in Khuzestan province 12
Figure 1-2. Schematic of the IECM software package showing major inputs and outputs 14
Figure 1-3. Schematic of IECM simulator and it's module 14
Figure 2-1. A schematic of an amine scrubbing 19
Figure 2-2. Schematic of amine capturing system 20
Figure 2-3. Sites for geological CO₂ storage. 22
Figure 2-4. Illustration of water assisted gas(CO2) mechanism in EOR project 24
Figure 2-5. Assembled graphical conventional screening guidelines 25
Figure 3-1. Iran's Energy Consumption trend 35
Figure 3-2. Iran's Carbon dioxide emission 35
Figure 3-3. Iran's power plants and all sectors CO₂ emission from 1970 to 2011. 37
Figure 3-4. Iranian structural zones 39
Figure 3-5. Geographical distribution of Iran's main stationary sources in South part. 41
Figure 3-6. Parameters for designing a base power plant (IECM) 48
Figure 3-7. Capturing Parameters in IECM 50
Figure 3-8. Capturing system for Ramin power plant by MEA (IECM) 51
Figure 3-9. Sensitivity analysis on COE change by NG price 54
Figure 3-10. Khuzestan's area and oil fields 55
Figure 3-11. Khuzestan's major oil fields 56
Figure 3-12. Effects of oil price on the economics of the CCS-EOR 60
Figure 3-13. Relation between the oil price and gas price 61
Figure 3-14. Estimation of COE for Ramin power plant without EOR project in each oil price... 62
Figure 3-15. Estimation of COE for Ramin power plant with EOR project in each oil price... 64