Title Page
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1.1. Background 18
1.2. Motivations 19
1.3. Contributions 21
1.4. Dissertation Organization 23
Chapter 2. Basic Concepts of Wireless Body Area Network 24
2.1. Introduction 24
2.2. Wireless Sensor Networks 24
2.3. Wireless Body Area Networks 25
2.4. Challenges in a WBAN 28
2.4.1. Energy Efficiency 28
2.4.2. Reliability 29
2.4.3. Security and Interference 29
2.4.4. Material Constraints 30
2.4.5. Quality of Service 30
2.4.6. Robustness 30
2.5. WBAN Applications 31
2.5.1. Monitoring Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases 31
2.5.2. Monitoring Elderly Patients 32
2.5.3. Cancer Detection 32
2.5.4. Telemedicine Systems 32
2.5.5. Diabetes 33
2.5.6. Battlefield 34
2.5.7. Asthma 34
2.5.8. Artificial Retina 34
2.6. Existing Health-care Projects 35
2.6.1. CodeBlue 35
2.6.2. Ayushman 36
2.6.3. MobiHealth 37
2.6.4. Human++ research program 37
2.6.5. HipGuard System 38
2.6.6. eWatch 38
2.6.7. UbiMon 39
2.6.8. LifeShirt 39
2.7. Summary of the Chapter 40
Chapter 3. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard: An overview 41
3.1. Introduction 41
3.2. The IEEE 802.15.6 standard 41
3.3. IEEE 802.15.6 PHY Specifications 42
3.3.1. NB PHY Specifications 43
3.3.2. HBC PHY Specifications 44
3.3.3. UWB PHY Specifications 45
3.4. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC Specifications 45
3.4.1. IEEE 802.15.6 Communication Modes 46
3.4.1.1. Beacon Mode with Superframe Boundaries 47
3.4.1.2. Non-beacon mode with superframe boundaries 48
3.4.1.3. Non-beacon mode without superframe boundaries 48
3.4.2. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC Frame Format 48
3.4.3. Priority Mapping 49
3.4.4. IEEE 802.15.6 Access Mechanisms 50
3.4.4.1. Random Access Mechanism 50
3.4.4.2. Improvised and Unscheduled Access Mechanism 54
3.4.4.3. Scheduled and Scheduled-Polling Access Mechanisms 55
3.4.4.4. MICS band communication 55
3.5. Summary of the Chapter 55
Chapter 4. Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.6-based WBAN MAC Protocols 57
4.1. Introduction 57
4.2. Performance Modeling Approaches for MAC Protocols 58
4.2.1. Simulation Approach 59
4.2.2. Real Experimentation Approach 59
4.2.3. Analytical Approach and Markov Analysis 59
4.3. IEEE 802.15.6-based MAC protocol performance under saturation conditions 61
4.3.1. RelatedWorks 61
4.3.2. General Assumptions 62
4.3.3. Analytical Model 64
4.3.4. Performance Metrics 71
4.3.5. Results and Discussion 72
4.4. IEEE 802.15.6-based MAC protocol performance under non-saturation conditions 75
4.4.1. Analytical Model 75
4.4.2. Performance Metrics 83
4.4.3. Results and Discussion 86
4.5. IEEE 802.15.6-based MAC protocol performance under different access periods 90
4.5.1. Performance Measures and Analytical Modeling 90
4.5.2. Results and Discussion 101
4.6. Summary of the Chapter 105
Chapter 5. Rethinking the IEEE 802.15.6-based WBANs MAC Performance Modeling Methodology 106
5.1. Introduction 106
5.2. IEEE 802.15.6-based MAC protocol performance under non-saturation conditions 107
5.2.1. Assumptions 108
5.2.2. Analytical Model 109
5.2.3. Homogeneous Networks 110
5.2.3.1. Performance Metrics 116
5.2.3.2. Results and Discussion 117
5.2.4. Heterogeneous Networks 119
5.2.4.1. Performance Metrics 121
5.2.4.2. Results and Discussion 122
5.3. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC protocol performance under Error-prone channel 126
5.3.1. Analytical Model 127
5.3.2. Performance Metrics 127
5.3.3. Results and Discussion 128
5.4. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC protocol performance under Different backoff algorithms 130
5.4.1. Analytical Model 130
5.4.2. Performance Metrics 132
5.4.3. Results and Discussion 133
5.5. Summary of the Chapter 134
Chapter 6. Conclusions and Future Works 135
6.1. Summary and Conclusions 135
6.2. Future Works 138
Bibliography 139
Table 3.1: Contention window bounds for CSMA/CA and contention probability thresholds for prioritized-based slotted Aloha access 50
Table 4.1: Contention window bounds for CSMA/CA 71
Table 4.2: Narrowband "channel seventh" parameters 72
Figure 1.1: Layout of access phases with superframe boundaries 21
Figure 2.1: A glimpse of WBAN and it's Framework 27
Figure 2.2: A real-time telemedicine infrastructure 33
Figure 2.3: Artificial Retina for Blind People 35
Figure 2.4: CodeBlue architecture for emergency response 36
Figure 2.5: HipGuard System 38
Figure 2.6: Life Shirt 39
Figure 3.1: IEEE 802.15.6 PHY and MAC layers 42
Figure 3.2: IEEE 802.15.6 frequency bands 43
Figure 3.3: PPDU structure for NB PHY (the indicated lengths are in bits) 44
Figure 3.4: PPDU structure for HBC PHY 45
Figure 3.5: PPDU frame structure for UWB PHY 46
Figure 3.6: IEEE 802.15.6 MAC frame format 49
Figure 3.7: Slotted Aloha access illustration 52
Figure 3.8: IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA mechanism 54
Figure 4.1: IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA flowchart for DTMC in Figure 4.2 63
Figure 4.2: DTMC Model for the CSMA/CA behavior in saturated traffic conditions 65
Figure 4.3: Normalized saturation throughput for homogeneous network 73
Figure 4.4: Head-of-line delay for homogeneous network 74
Figure 4.5: DTMC Model for the CSMA/CA behavior in non-saturated traffic conditions 77
Figure 4.6: Normalised system throughput for non-saturated homogeneous network 83
Figure 4.7: Head-of-line delay for non-saturated homogeneous network 84
Figure 4.8: Per class normalised throughput for non-saturated heterogeneous network 85
Figure 4.9: Normalized system throughput for non-saturated heterogeneous network 86
Figure 4.10: Head of line delay for non-saturated heterogeneous network 88
Figure 4.11: Energy consumption for non-saturated heterogeneous network 89
Figure 4.12: IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA flowchart for DTMC in Figure 4.13 91
Figure 4.13: DTMC Model for the CSMA/CA behavior under non-saturated conditions and different access periods 92
Figure 4.14: Per class normalised throughput; where EAP length is half of RAP 101
Figure 4.15: Normalized system throughput; where EAP length is half of RAP 102
Figure 4.16: Head of line delay; where EAP length is half of RAP 103
Figure 4.17: Energy consumption; where EAP length is half of RAP 104
Figure 5.1: IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA channel access diagram 108
Figure 5.2: DTMC Model for the CSMA/CA behavior in non-saturated traffic conditions 111
Figure 5.3: Normalized system throughput in the homogenous case (UP0) for different network sizes(이미지참조) 117
Figure 5.4: Mean frame service time in the homogenous case (UP0) for different network sizes(이미지참조) 118
Figure 5.5: Per class normalised throughput for non-saturated heterogeneous network 123
Figure 5.6: Normalized system throughput for non-saturated heterogeneous network 124
Figure 5.7: Head of line delay for non-saturated heterogeneous network 125
Figure 5.8: Energy consumption for non-saturated heterogeneous network 126
Figure 5.9: Normalized system throughput in the homogenous case (UP0) for error-prone network(이미지참조) 128
Figure 5.10: Mean frame service time in the homogenous case (UP0) for error-prone network(이미지참조) 129
Figure 5.11: Normalized system throughput in the homogenous case (UP0) for different backoff algorithms(이미지참조) 131
Figure 5.12: Mean frame service time in the homogenous case (UP0) for different backoff algorithms(이미지참조) 132