Title Page
Abstract
Contents
1 Introduction 18
1.1 Background 18
1.2 Motivation 20
1.3 Contributions 22
1.3.1 Free Diffusion-based Molecular Communication Channel Model 23
1.3.2 Energy Efficient Modulation Technique in Molecular Communication 23
1.4 Dissertation Organization 23
2 Basic Concepts 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Molecular Communication in Biological Systems 27
2.2.1 Passive Transport-based Molecular Communication 28
2.2.1.1 Free Diffusion-based Molecular Communication 28
2.2.1.2 Molecular Diffusion with Drift 29
2.2.1.3 Molecular Diffusion with Reactions by Amplifiers 30
2.2.1.4 Gap Junction Mediated Diffusionbased Molecular Communication 30
2.2.1.5 Reaction-Diffusion-based Molecular Communication 31
2.2.2 Active Transport-based Molecular Communication 32
2.2.2.1 Molecular Motor-based Molecular Communication 33
2.2.2.2 Bacterial Motor-based Molecular Communication 33
2.3 An Example of Free Diffusion-based Molecular Communication 34
2.3.1 Encoding 34
2.3.2 Sending 35
2.3.3 Signal Propagation 35
2.3.4 Receiving and Decoding 39
2.3.5 Noise 39
2.3.6 Inter-symbol Interference(ISI) 40
2.3.7 Channel Memory 40
2.3.8 Delay 40
2.4 Advantage of Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks 40
2.4.1 Size and Distance 41
2.4.2 Biocompatibility 42
2.4.3 Large Data Transmission 42
2.4.4 Energy Efficiency 43
3 Background Studies, Issues, and Challenges 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Physical Layer 45
3.2.1 Modulation 45
3.2.2 Transmitting 46
3.2.3 Signal Propagation 47
3.2.4 Channel Capacity 49
3.2.5 Signal Amplification 50
3.2.6 Receiving 51
3.2.7 Demodulation 52
3.2.8 Hardware Devices and Interfaces 52
3.3 Link Layer 53
3.3.1 Error Handling 53
3.3.2 Addressing 54
3.3.3 Synchronization 54
3.3.4 Media Access Control 54
3.3.5 Flow Control 55
3.3.6 Distance Measurement 55
3.4 Network Layer 55
3.4.1 Routing 55
3.4.2 In-network Processing 56
3.4.3 Other Network Layers 56
3.5 Higher Layers 56
3.6 Standardization 57
3.7 Modeling and SimulationTools 57
4 Molecular Communication Channel Model 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Channel Model 59
4.3 Channel Linearity and Time Invariance 62
4.4 Noise 65
4.5 Performance Analysis 67
4.5.1 System Model 67
4.5.2 Symbo lError Rate(SER) 68
4.5.2.1 SER for Memoryless Channel 68
4.5.2.2 Capacity 70
4.5.3 Memory Channel 70
4.5.3.1 SER 72
4.5.4 Optimal Threshold 75
4.5.5 Results 76
4.6 Conclusion 86
5 Energy Efficient Modulation Technique in Molecular Communication: OOMoSK 88
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 System Model 89
5.3 Performance Analysis 89
5.3.1 Quadrature Concentration Shift Keying (QCSK) 91
5.3.2 Binary Molecule Shift Keying (BMoSK) 93
5.3.3 Quadrature Molecule Shift Keying (QMoSK) 96
5.3.4 Proposed Modulation Technique: On Off MoSK(OOMoSK) 98
5.3.4.1 Symbol Error Rate (SER) for 4-ary OOMoSK 100
5.3.4.2 Capacity for 4-ary OOMoSK. 105
5.3.4.3 Symbol Error Rate (SER) for 8-ary OOMoSK 106
5.3.4.4 Energy Efficiency 106
5.3.4.5 Typesof Molecules 107
5.3.5 Results 107
5.4 Conclusion 112
6 Conclusions and Future Works 113
6.1 Conclusions 113
6.2 Future Works 114
A Symbol Error Rate (SER) for 8-ary OOMoSK 117
A.1 Symbol Error Rate (SER) for 8-ary OOMoSK 117
Bibliography 128
2.1 Free Diffusion-based Molecular Communication 29
2.2 Gap junction mediated reaction-diffusion based molecular communication 31
2.3 Bacterial motor-based molecular communication 34
2.4 Brownian motion of one particle in 20 seconds 36
2.5 Normalized concentration (r=2×10⁻⁹m) 37
4.1 Free Diffusion-based Molecular Communication 60
4.2 Receiving history of transmitted molecules 72
4.3 Probability that a molecule reaches the receiver within time slot Ts (r=20×10⁻⁹m, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨) 77
4.4 Probability that a molecule reaches the receiver at various diffusion coefficients (r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s) 77
4.5 BER in free diffusion channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s, z=20) 78
4.6 BER vs r in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s, z=20) 78
4.7 BER vs n in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK(r=20×10⁻⁹m,D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s, z=20) 79
4.8 BER vs z in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 79
4.9 BER for different τ in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, z=20) 80
4.10 Capacity in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s, z=20) 80
4.11 BER for different threshold and n in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 81
4.12 BER for different threshold and diffusion coefficient in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 81
4.13 BER for different threshold and distance in free diffusion memoryless channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 82
4.14 BER in free diffusion memory channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s, z=20) 82
4.15 Capacity for fourth-order memory in a free diffusion channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s, z=20) 83
4.16 BER as a function of D and z in free diffusion first-order memory channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 83
4.17 BER as a function of r and z in free diffusion first-order memory channel for OOK (125molecules/bit, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 84
5.1 QCSK modulation 91
5.2 BMoSK modulation 94
5.3 QMoSK modulation 96
5.4 Modulation architecture 99
5.5 Transmitter 100
5.6 4-ary OOMoSK modulation for an input sequence of 11100100 100
5.7 Demodulation architecture 101
5.8 Receiver 102
5.9 BER for comparison of different modulation schemes (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 108
5.10 SER for 4-ary OOMoSK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 108
5.11 SER comparison for different quadrature modulation schemes (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 109
5.12 Capacity comparison for different quadrature modulation schemes (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 109
5.13 SER for 8-ary OOMoSK (125molecules/bit, r=20×10⁻⁹m, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 110
5.14 Threshold for CSK (r=20×10⁻⁹m, D=10×10⁻⁹㎨, Ts=20s, τ=2s) 110
2.1 Electromagnetic/optical communication and molecular communication 26
4.1 Symbols that contribute to received molecules when s is sent 73