Title Page
ABSTRACT
PREFACE
Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS 17
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF STUDY 22
A. Background 22
B. Reasons for This Study 25
C. Research Questions 26
D. Object 27
E. Significance 27
F. Limits 28
CHAPTER 2. LITERTURE REVIEW 29
A. Definition of Flash Cards 29
B. Types of Flash Cards 30
1. Homemade 30
2. Commercial Flash Cards 31
3. Digital Flash Cards 32
C. Short History on Flash Cards 34
1. European Beginnings 34
2. American Commercialization 34
D. Methods in Teaching with Flash Cards 35
1. Defining Learning Methods 37
2. Defining Learning Styles 38
3. Defining Learning Tools 40
A. Flash cards as Learning Tools 40
B. Pros and Cons of Using Paper Flash Cards 41
C. Pros and Cons of Using Digital Flash Cards 43
D. The Importance of Using Flash Cards in the Classroom 45
E. The Importance of Using Flash Cards in the Korean EFL Classroom 45
F. The Definition of Learning Styles 46
G. Research with Flash Cards by Others 48
H. Research of Learning Styles 50
CHAPTER 3. METHODS OF FLASH CARD STUDY 60
A. Overview 60
B. Pre-survey 61
C. Survey 62
1. Creation of the Flash Card Survey 62
2. Why the questions were asked and how they shaped the tests. 64
3. About the Flash Card Survey 67
D. Participants 68
1. Classroom Set Up 69
E. Survey 69
1. Student Demographics 70
F. Pre-Stages of Survey 71
G. Stages of Survey 71
1. Planning Stage 71
2. Action Stage 72
3. Researcher/Participants/ Observer 72
4. Reflection/ Conclusion Stage 73
H. Stages of Investigation 73
1. Stages of Dates of Testing 73
2. Flash Cards Used (See Appedix) 75
I. Standpoints 75
1. Empirical Cycle 76
J. Stages of Tests 76
1) Stage 1, Test A, Parts I-IV 76
2) Stage 2, Test B, Parts I-III 77
3) Stage 3, Test C, Parts I-III 77
K. Implementation of Tests 77
1. Stage 1, Test A, Parts I-IV 77
a. Stage 1, Test A, Part I 77
b. Stage 1, Test A, Part II 79
c. Stage 1, Test A, Part III 80
d. Stage 1, Test A, Part IV 82
2. Stage 2, Test B, Parts I-III 83
a. Stage 2, Test B, Part I 83
b. Stage 2, Test B, Part II 84
c. Stage 2, Test B, Part III 85
3. Stage 3, Test C, Parts I-III 86
a. Stage 3, Test C, Part I 86
b. Stage 2, Test C, Part II 87
c. Stage 2, Test C, Part III 88
L. Survey Analysis 89
1. How the Survey was Analyzed 89
M. Test Analysis 90
1. How the Test was Analyzed 90
N. Analysis 91
CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS 92
A. Pre-Survey Discussion and Results 92
B. Survey Observations 93
C. Survey Questions Reflections and Conclusions 94
D. Post Survey Discussion/Results 99
E. Stage 1, Test A, Parts I-IV 100
1. Observation of Stage 1, Test A, Part I 100
2. Reflection on Stage 1, Test A, Part I 101
F. Stage 1, Test A, Part II 101
1. Observation of Stage 1, Test A, Part II 101
2. Reflection of Stage 1, Test A, Part II 102
G. Stage 1, Test A, Part III 102
1. Observation of Stage 1, Test A, Part III 102
2. Reflection of Stage 1, Test A, Part III 102
H. Stage 1, Test A, Part VI 103
1. Observation of Stage 1, Test A, Part IV 103
2. Reflection of Stage 1, Test A, Part IV 104
I. Stage 2, Test B, Parts I-III 104
a. Stage 2, Test B, Part I 104
1. Observation of Stage 2, Test B, Part I 105
2. Reflection of Stage 2, Test B, Part I 105
b. Stage 2, Test B, Part II 106
1. Observation of Stage 2, Test B, Part II 106
2. Reflection of Stage 2, Test B, Part II 106
c. Stage 2, Test B, Part III 107
1. Observation of Stage 2, Test B, Part III 107
2. Reflection of Stage 2, Test B, Part III 107
J. Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III 108
a. Stage 3, Test C, Part I 108
1. Observation of Stage 3, Test C, Part I 109
2. Reflection of Stage 3, Test C, Part I 109
b. Stage 3, Test C, Part II 110
1. Observation of Stage 3, Test C, Part II 110
2. Reflection of Stage 3, Test C, Part II 110
c. Stage 3, Test C, Part III 111
1. Observation of Stage 3, Test C, Part III 111
2. Reflection of Stage 3, Test C, Part III 112
K. Result of Study 112
1. Overview and Analysis of the Survey 113
A. Stage 1, Test A, Part I 113
B. Stage 1, Test A, Part II 114
C. Stage 1, Test A, Part III 116
D. Stage 1, Test A, Part IV 117
2. Overview of Scores on Chart of Improvement 118
L. Result of Black and White Study with Distance 118
M. Result of Color and Black and White with Distance. 119
N. Discovery 120
1. Distance 120
2. Size of Card 120
3. Comfort Zone 122
a. Comfort Zone Discovery 122
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 124
SUGGESTIONS 125
A. History of Flash Cards 125
B. Flash Card Study 125
C. Use of Flash Cards in the Classroom for Teacher 126
D. Further Study of Two Languages Flash Cards 126
E. Final Thoughts 127
REFERENCES 128
APPENDICES 147
Figure 1: Kaninchen und Ente" ("Rabbit and Duck") from the 23 October, 1892 issue of Fliegende Blätter. 147
Figure 2: The VARK Model. 147
Figure 3: Student Survey. September, 2013. 148
Figure 4: Question: 1. what is your age? 151
Figure 5: Question: 2. Are you male or female? 151
Figure 6: Question: 3. Do you consider yourself 152
Figure 7: Question 4: Do you look at text or pictures first? 153
Figure 8: Question 5: Which one of the bottom pictures feels most comfortable to you? 153
Figure 9: Question 6: How many hours a week do you read printed materials and /or online materials? 154
Figure 10: Question 7: Do you read printed materials or online materials more? 154
Figure 11: Question 8: Which one of the bottom pictures feels most comfortable to you? 155
Figure 12: Question 9: Which one of the bottom pictures feels most comfortable to you? 155
Figure 13: Question 10: Do you prefer color or black and white flash cards? 156
Figure 14: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color- Abalone 157
Figure 15: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color- Lobster 157
Figure 16: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color-Bean Sprouts 157
Figure 17: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color- Shrimp 158
Figure 18: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color-Sunflower Seeds 158
Figure 19: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color- Clams 158
Figure 20: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color- Green Peas 159
Figure 21: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color- Gingko Nuts 159
Figure 22: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color-Cabbage 159
Figure 23: Stage 1, Test A, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch Color-Seaweed 160
Figure 24: Stage 2, Test B, Part I/ Flash Card 8 x 8 inch, Black and White Illustration comparison: Du-bu and Sponge. 160
Figure 25: Stage 1, Test A, Part I 162
Figure 26: Stage 1, Test A, Part II 163
Figure 27: Stage 1, Test A, Part III 164
Figure 28: Stage 1, Test A, Part IV 165
Figure 29: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III: Flash Cards Black and White-8.5x11 inches(그림없음) 166
Figure 30: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Contact Lens-8.5x11 inches 166
Figure 31: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Tweezers-8.5x11 inches 166
Figure 32: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Lamp-8.5x11 inches 167
Figure 33: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Grater-8.5x11 inches 167
Figure 34: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Frying Pan-8.5x11 inches 168
Figure 35: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III- Sneakers-8.5x11 inches 168
Figure 36: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Luggage-8.5x11 inches 168
Figure 37: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Tissue-8.5x11 inches 169
Figure 38: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III- Teddy Bear-8.5x11 inches 169
Figure 39: Stage 2, Test B, Part I-III-Sponge-8.5x11 inches 170
Figure 40: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III: Flash Cards Black and White and Color-8.5x11 inches(그림없음) 170
Figure 41: Stage 3, Test C, and Part I-III- Boots-8.5x11 inches 170
Figure 42: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Cup of Coffee-8.5x11 inches 171
Figure 43: Stage 3, Test C, and Part I-III-Contact Lens-8.5x11 inches 171
Figure 44: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Dust Pan and Brush-8.5x11 inches 171
Figure 45: Stage 3, Test C, and Part I-III- Thimble-8.5x11 inches 172
Figure 46: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Lamp-8.5x11 inches 172
Figure 47: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Stamp-8.5x11 inches 172
Figure 48: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Sneakers-8.5x11 inches 173
Figure 49: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Wineglass-8.5x11 inches 173
Figure 50: Stage 3, Test C, Part I-III-Light bulb-8.5x11 inches 173
Figure 51: The Learning Zone 174
Figure 52: Results of Study Stage 1, Test A, Parts I-IV 174
Figure 53: Forgetting Curve 175