Title Page
Acronyms
Abstract
Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1.1. Background 18
1.2. Motivation 20
1.3. Summary of contributions 22
1.4. Outline of the dissertation 23
Chapter 2. Energy efficient performance modeling approaches for WSN 25
2.1. General modeling approaches 25
2.1.1. Simulation approach 26
2.1.2. Analytical approach 27
2.1.3. Real experimentation approach 31
2.2. Energy consumption modeling approaches 31
2.2.1. MCU energy model 32
2.2.2. Transceiver energy model 32
2.2.3. Sensing energy model 34
2.3. Performance criteria metrics for the analysis of MAC protocols 35
Head-of-Line (HoL) delay of packet 36
Queuing delay 36
Energy efficiency 36
Packet delivery ratio 36
Scalability 37
Fairness 37
Stability 37
Throughput 37
Packet drop probability 38
2.4. Classification of MAC protocols 38
Contention-free MAC protocols 39
Contention-based MAC protocols 40
Hybrid-based MAC protocols 41
2.5. Standardizations 42
2.5.1. IEEE 802.11 42
2.5.2. IEEE 802.15.4 43
2.5.3. IEEE 802.15.6 45
2.6. Proposed energy efficient modeling approaches 45
2.7. Summary 49
Chapter 3. Framed slotted aloha based MAC protocol for LECIM using constant contention window 51
3.1. Introduction 51
3.2. Motivation 54
3.3. Proposed protocol description 55
3.3.1. LECIM network topology 55
3.3.2. Superframe structure and slot design 56
3.3.3. MAC frames structure 59
3.3.4. Uplink communication process 60
3.4. Analytical model of our proposed MAC using the basic approach 62
3.4.1. The analysis under saturated mode 64
3.4.2. Analysis under non-saturated mode 67
3.4.3. Results and discussions 80
3.5. Summary 95
Chapter 4. Framed slotted aloha based MAC protocol for LECIM using linearly increasing contention window 97
4.1. Introduction 97
4.2. Enhanced collision resolution approach 98
4.3. Performance analysis under saturated load 99
Packet drop probability 99
HoL-delay 101
Energy consumption 102
4.4. Performance analysis under non-saturated load 104
PGF of D0 and D 110
Energy consumption 111
4.5. Results and discussions 113
4.6. Summary 121
Chapter 5. Performance analysis of CSMA/CA mechanism of IEEE 802.15.6 standard 122
5.1. Introduction 122
5.2. Related work 124
5.3. Overview of IEEE 802.15.6 126
5.4. IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA mechanism 127
5.5. Markov model for IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA 130
5.5.1. Parameters and notions characterizing the model 131
5.5.2. Performance analysis using single user priority 134
5.5.3. Solving the discrete time Markov chain 135
5.6. Model validation 140
5.7. Performance analysis using multiple user priorities 142
5.7.1. Derived parameters/metrics 143
5.7.2. Results and discussions 145
5.8. Summary 149
Chapter 6. Conclusions and future works 150
6.1. Conclusions 150
6.2. Future works 152
References 155
Table 3.1. LECIM applications and facilities 52
Table 3.2. Propagation delay vs distance 58
Table 3.3. Superframe size with probable slot and packet size 59
Table 5.1. Simulation parameters 140
Table 5.2. User priority mapping 145
Figure 3.1. LECIM network topology 56
Figure 3.2. Superframe structure of our proposed MAC 58
Figure 3.3. MAC frame structures for LECIM network 60
Figure 3.4. Flowchart showing uplink communication process 63
Figure 3.5. Description of Head of line delay of packet 68
Figure 3.6. The channel's activity as a renewal process 70
Figure 3.7. Waiting time with exceptional first service time 73
Figure 3.8. Packet drop probability 82
Figure 3.9. HoL-delay vs. number of endpoints 83
Figure 3.10. Average energy consumption 84
Figure 3.11. Throughput vs. number of endpoints 85
Figure 3.12. Packet drop probability where R=7 86
Figure 3.13. HoL-delay vs. number of endpoints 87
Figure 3.14. Energy consumption 88
Figure 3.15. Throughput vs. number of endpoints 89
Figure 3.16. Packet drop probability vs. number of endpoints 90
Figure 3.17. HoL-delay vs. number of endpoints 91
Figure 3.18. Energy consumption vs. endpoints 92
Figure 3.19. Normalized system throughput 93
Figure 3.20. Mean response time vs. HoL-delay 94
Figure 3.21. Analytical vs. simulation results of the mean response time 95
Figure 4.1. Flowchart showing the transmission process in saturated mode 100
Figure 4.2. HoL-delay of packet 102
Figure 4.3. Flowchart depicting the transmission process in non-saturatedCASE II 109
Figure 4.4. Packet drop probability 114
Figure 4.5. Head of line delay of packet 115
Figure 4.6. Average energy consumption 116
Figure 4.7. Packet drop probability comparison between the basic and the enhanced approach 117
Figure 4.8. Delay comparison of the basic and enhanced approach 117
Figure 4.9. Energy consumption comparison under saturated traffic conditions between the basic and enhanced approach 118
Figure 4.10. Packet drop probability under non-saturated traffic conditions 119
Figure 4.11. HoL-delay under non-saturated traffic conditions 120
Figure 4.12. Comparison of energy consumption between the basic and enhanced collision resolution schemes 121
Figure 5.1. CSMA slot structure 129
Figure 5.2. DTMC for the backoff process in unsaturated traffic conditions 132
Figure 5.3. Normalized non-saturated system throughput 141
Figure 5.4. HoL-delay of packet vs. changing traffic load 142
Figure 5.5. Per station collision probabilities for three classes of stations with n1=3, n2=3, n3=3 146
Figure 5.6. Normalized per class throughput for three classes of stations with n1=3, n2=3, n3=3 147
Figure 5.7. HoL-delay with changing traffic load for three classes of stations with n1=3, n2=3, n3=3 148
Figure 5.8. System throughput with n1=3, n2=3, n3=3 149