표제지
목차
국문초록 22
제1장 서론 25
1. 연성기질의 조하대 환경 및 저서동물군집 25
2. 방조제 건설 공사가 조하대 환경과 저서동물에 미치는 영향 26
3. 새만금방조제 건설 공사 및 저서동물군집의 연구 현황 27
4. 연구목적 28
제2장 새만금방조제 외해역의 저서환경요인과 저서다모류군집의 시공간적 분포 변동 29
1. 연구배경 29
2. 재료 및 방법 30
가. 연구지역의 조사정점 및 조사시기 30
나. 저서환경요인 측정 30
다. 대형저서동물의 채집 및 시료 분석 35
라. 자료 처리 및 분석 35
3. 결과 40
가. 저서환경요인의 시·공간적 변동 40
나. 저서다모류군집의 시·공간적 변동 72
다. 저서다모류군집의 식성 및 건강도 분석 120
라. 저서환경요인 및 저서다모류군집의 상관관계 145
4. 토의 154
가. 새만금 방조제 외해역의 저서환경 154
나. 새만금 방조제 외해역의 저서다모류군집 155
다. 저서다모류군집의 건강도 분석 156
라. 방조제 공사 완공이전과 이후의 저서다모류군집 변화 158
5. 요약 및 결론 163
제3장 새만금 방조제 외해역을 해역별로 저서환경요인과 저서다모류군집의 시간적 변동 166
1. 연구배경 166
2. 재료 및 방법 168
가. 해역별로 조사정점 및 조사시기 168
나. 저서환경요인 측정 168
다. 대형저서동물의 채집 및 시료 분석 168
라. 자료 처리 및 분석 168
3. 결과 171
가. 4개 해역별 저서환경요인 및 저서다모류군집의 시간적 변동 171
나. 방조제 근역/원역별 저서환경요인 및 저서다모류군집의 시간적 변동 208
다. 새만금방조제 외해역의 주요 저서다모류 Assemblage 분석 및 시공간적 변동 239
4. 토의 258
5. 요약 및 결론 260
참고문헌 263
Abstract 271
Table 1. Total Sample Number of the study area. 31
Table 2. Ecological characteristics of macrobenthic invertebrates collected in the study area. 73
Table 3. Ecological characteristics of benthic polychaetes collected in the study area. 82
Table 4. Dominant polychaetes above 2.0 percentage among total individual number collected in the study area. Mean densities are expressed as ind./㎡. 95
Table 5. Pearson's correlation coefficients between benthic environmental factors in the study area. 147
Table 6. Pearson's correlation coefficients between ecological characteristices of benthic polychaetous community in the study area. 149
Table 7. Pearson's correlation coefficients between environmental factors and ecological characteristices of benthic polychaetous community in the study area. 152
Table 8. Best matches of biotic(faunal abundance) and abiotic(sand content, clay content, silt content, organic matter content, chl-a, phaeopigment, mean grain size) similarity matrices for each time(June 2007, 2008, 2009, May 2010) meaured by weighted Spearman rank correlations (Ρω) 153
Table 9. Mean density and composition of five dominant benthic polychaetes collected in the study area, Division of four coastal sea. Mean densities are expressed as ind./㎡. 194
Table 10. Mean density and composition of five dominant benthic polychaetes collected in the study area, Division of four sea dike and two offshore area. Mean densities are expressed as ind./㎡. 227
Table 11. Investigation of dominant species and contribution species among assemblages at total sampling number in the study. 256
Table 12. Comparison of envrionmental and ecological characteristics among assemblages at total sampling number in the study. 257
Fig. 1. Map Showing the sampling sites and bathymetry in the Seamangeum subtidal Area. 32
Fig. 2. Ternary diagram showing the sediment type at each station in the study area 41
Fig. 3. Temporal variations of sand content(A), mean grain size(B) in the study area. Error bars represent standard errors. 42
Fig. 4. Horizontal distribution of sand content in the study area(A: June 2007, B: December 2007, C: June 2008, D: December 2008). 43
Fig. 5. Horizontal distribution of sand content in the study area(A: June 2009, B: December 2009, C: May 2010). 44
Fig. 6. Horizontal distribution of sedimentary facies in the study area(A: June 2007, B: December 2007, C: June 2008, D: December 2008). 45
Fig. 7. Horizontal distribution of sedimentary facies in the study area(A: June 2009, B: December 2009, C: May 2010). 46
Fig. 8. Temporal variations of organic matter content(%) in the study area. Error bars represent standard errors. 49
Fig. 9. Horizontal distribution of organic matter content(%) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 50
Fig. 10. Horizontal distribution of organic matter content(%) in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 51
Fig. 11. Horizontal distribution of organic matter content(%) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 52
Fig. 12. Horizontal distribution of organic matter content(%) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 53
Fig. 13. Temporal variations of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area. Error bars represent standard errors. 55
Fig. 14. Horizontal distribution of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 56
Fig. 15. Horizontal distribution of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 57
Fig. 16. Horizontal distribution of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 58
Fig. 17. Horizontal distribution of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 59
Fig. 18. Temporal variations of chl-a (㎍/㎤) in the study area. Error bars represent standard errors. 62
Fig. 19. Horizontal distribution of chl-a (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 63
Fig. 20. Horizontal distribution of chl-a (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 64
Fig. 21. Horizontal distribution of chl-a (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 65
Fig. 22. Horizontal distribution of chl-a (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 66
Fig. 23. Temporal variations of phaeopigment (㎍/㎤) in the study area. Error bars represent standard errors. 68
Fig. 24. Horizontal distribution of phaeopigment (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 69
Fig. 25. Horizontal distribution of phaeopigment (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 70
Fig. 26. Horizontal distribution of phaeopigment (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 71
Fig. 27. Horizontal distribution of phaeopigment (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 72
Fig. 28. Temporal variations in mean density of benthic macrofaunal taxa in the study area. 74
Fig. 29. Horizontal distribution of benthic macrofauna density in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 77
Fig. 30. Horizontal distribution of benthic macrofauna density in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 78
Fig. 31. Horizontal distribution of benthic macrofauna density in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 79
Fig. 32. Horizontal distribution of benthic macrofauna density in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 80
Fig. 33. Temporal variations in total species Number and Mean species Number of benthic polychaetes in the study area. 83
Fig. 34. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous species number in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 84
Fig. 35. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous species number in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 85
Fig. 36. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous species number in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 86
Fig. 37. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous species number in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 87
Fig. 38. Temporal variations in mean density of benthic polychaetes in the study area. 90
Fig. 39. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous density in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 91
Fig. 40. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous density in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 92
Fig. 41. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous density in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 93
Fig. 42. Horizontal distribution of benthic polychaetous density in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 94
Fig. 43. Temporal variations in mean density of Heteromastus filiformis in the study area. 98
Fig. 44. Horizontal distribution of Heteromastus filiformis density in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 99
Fig. 45. Horizontal distribution of Heteromastus filiformis density in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 100
Fig. 46. Horizontal distribution of Heteromastus filiformis density in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 101
Fig. 47. Horizontal distribution of Heteromastus filiformis density in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 102
Fig. 48. Temporal variations in mean density of Sternaspis scutata in the study area. 104
Fig. 49. Horizontal distribution of Sternaspis scutata density in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 105
Fig. 50. Horizontal distribution of Sternaspis scutata density in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 106
Fig. 51. Horizontal distribution of Sternaspis scutata density in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 107
Fig. 52. Horizontal distribution of Sternaspis scutata density in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 108
Fig. 53. Temporal variations in mean density of Magelona sp. in the study area. 110
Fig. 54. Horizontal distribution of Magelona sp. density in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 111
Fig. 55. Horizontal distribution of Magelona sp. density in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 112
Fig. 56. Horizontal distribution of Magelona sp. density in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 113
Fig. 57. Horizontal distribution of Magelona sp. density in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 114
Fig. 58. Temporal variations in mean density of Haploscoloplos elongatus in the study area. 116
Fig. 59. Horizontal distribution of Haploscoloplos elongatus density in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 117
Fig. 60. Horizontal distribution of Haploscoloplos elongatus density in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 118
Fig. 61. Horizontal distribution of Haploscoloplos elongatus density in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 119
Fig. 62. Horizontal distribution of Haploscoloplos elongatus density in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 120
Fig. 63. Temporal variations in mean density of Benthic polychaetes feeding type in the study area. 123
Fig. 64. Horizontal distribution of Benthic polychaetes feeding type in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 124
Fig. 65. Horizontal distribution of Benthic polychaetes feeding type in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 125
Fig. 66. Horizontal distribution of Benthic polychaetes feeding type in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 126
Fig. 67. Horizontal distribution of Benthic polychaetes feeding type in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 127
Fig. 68. Temporal variations in station number of AMBI(Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area. 129
Fig. 69. Horizontal distribution of station number of AMBI(Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 130
Fig. 70. Horizontal distribution of station number of AMBI(Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 131
Fig. 71. Horizontal distribution of station number of AMBI(Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 132
Fig. 72. Horizontal distribution of station number of AMBI(Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 133
Fig. 73. Temporal variations in station number of M-AMBI(Multivariate Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area. 135
Fig. 74. Horizontal distribution of station number of M-AMBI(Multivariate Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 136
Fig. 75. Horizontal distribution of station number of M-AMBI(Multivariate Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 137
Fig. 76. Horizontal distribution of station number of M-AMBI(Multivariate Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 138
Fig. 77. Horizontal distribution of station number of M-AMBI(Multivariate Azti's Marine Biotic Index) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 139
Fig. 78. Temporal variations in station number of BPI(Benthic Pollution Index) in the study area. 141
Fig. 79. Horizontal distribution of station number of BPI(Benthic Pollution Index) in the study area(A: March 2007, B: June 2007, C: September 2007, D: December 2007). 142
Fig. 80. Horizontal distribution of station number of BPI(Benthic Pollution Index)) in the study area(A: March 2008, B: June 2008, C: September 2008, D: December 2008). 143
Fig. 81. Horizontal distribution of station number of BPI(Benthic Pollution Index) in the study area(A: March 2009, B: June 2009, C: October 2009, D: December 2009). 144
Fig. 82. Horizontal distribution of station number of BPI(Benthic Pollution Index) in the study area(A: May 2010, B: August 2010). 145
Fig. 83. Distribution of factor loading by PCA in the study area. Mø: mean grain size, Chl-a: chlorophyll a, Phae: phaeopigment, AVS: Acid Volatile Sulfide, OC: organic content. 148
Fig. 84. Temporal variations in species number and mean species numbers of benthic polycaetes in the study area. 160
Fig. 85. Temporal variations in mean Density of benthic polycaetes in the study area. 161
Fig. 86. Temporal variations in mean density of the dominant species in the study area. 162
Fig. 87. Map Showing on the division of four coastal sea in the study Area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). 169
Fig. 88. Map Showing on the division of six coastal sea in the study Area(A : 1st sea dike, B: 2nd sea dike, C: 3rd sea dike, D: 4th sea dike, E: North outshore area, F: South outshore area). 170
Fig. 89. Temporal variations of sand content in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 172
Fig. 90. Temporal variations of mean grain size in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 174
Fig. 91. Temporal variations of organic matter content(%) in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 177
Fig. 92. Temporal variations of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 179
Fig. 93. Temporal variations of chlorophyll-a concentration (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 182
Fig. 94. Temporal variations of phaeopigment concentration (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 184
Fig. 95. Temporal variations of total species number and mean number species in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 187
Fig. 96. Temporal variations of mean density (ind./㎡) in the study area(A : Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 190
Fig. 97. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant benthic polychaetes in the study area, Keum rvier estuary. 195
Fig. 98. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant benthic polychaetes in the study area, North shore area. 196
Fig. 99. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant benthic polychaetes in the study area, Gogunsan Archipelago. 197
Fig. 100. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant benthic polychaetes in the study area, South shore area. 198
Fig. 101. Temporal variations in values of Azti′s marine biotic index (AMBI) in the study area(A: Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 200
Fig. 102. Temporal variations in values of multivariate Azti′s marine biotic index (M-AMBI) in the study area(A: Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 203
Fig. 103. Temporal variations in values of benthic pollution index (BPI) in the study area(A: Keum river estuary, B: North shore area, C: Gogunsan Archipelago, D: South shore area). Error bars represent standard errors. 206
Fig. 104. Temporal variations of sand content(%) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 209
Fig. 105. Temporal variations of mean grain size(Ø) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 210
Fig. 106. Temporal variations of organic content(%) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 212
Fig. 107. Temporal variations of acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 214
Fig. 108. Temporal variations of chlorophyll-a concentration (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 216
Fig. 109. Temporal variations of phaeopigment concentration (㎍/㎤) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 217
Fig. 110. Temporal variations of total species number in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 219
Fig. 111. Temporal variations of mean species number in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 220
Fig. 112. Temporal variations of mean density (ind./㎡) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 222
Fig. 113. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant polychaetous species in the study area, 1st sea dike. 228
Fig. 114. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant polychaetous species in the study area, 2nd sea dike. 229
Fig. 115. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant polychaetous species in the study area, Soth offshore area. 230
Fig. 116. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant polychaetous species in the study area, 3rd sea dike. 231
Fig. 117. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant polychaetous species in the study area, 4th sea dike. 232
Fig. 118. Temporal variations in mean density of five dominant polychaetous species in the study area, North offshore area. 233
Fig. 119. Temporal variations in values of Azti′s marine biotic index (AMBI) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 236
Fig. 120. Temporal variations in values of multivariate Azti′s marine biotic index (M-AMBI) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 237
Fig. 121. Temporal variations in values of benthic pollution index (BPI) in the study area(A: North shore area, B: South shore area). 238
Fig. 122. Dendrogram of cluster analysis(CA) and ordination of non-multidimensional scaling(nMDS) showing in the study area, from Mar., 2007 to Dec., 2007. 240
Fig. 123. Dendrogram of cluster analysis(CA) and ordination of non-multidimensional scaling(nMDS) showing in the study area, from Mar., 2008 to Dec., 2008. 241
Fig. 124. Dendrogram of cluster analysis(CA) and ordination of non-multidimensional scaling(nMDS) showing in the study area, from Mar., 2009 to Dec., 2009. 242
Fig. 125. Dendrogram of cluster analysis(CA) and ordination of non-multidimensional scaling(nMDS) showing in the study area, form May, 2010 to Aug., 2010. 243
Fig. 126. Dendrogram for clustering of station grups at 14 time studied period in the study area, from Mar., 2007 to Aug., 2010. 245
Fig. 127. Non-metic multidimensional scaling(nMDS) ordination plots station grups in the study area, form May, 2010 to Aug., 2010. 246
Fig. 128. The spatial distribution of station groups which were divided by the cluster analysis.(A assemblage) 247
Fig. 129. The spatial distribution of station groups which were divided by the cluster analysis(B assemblage). 248
Fig. 130. The spatial distribution of station groups which were divided by the cluster analysis(C assemblage). 249
Fig. 131. Temporal variations of environmental characteristics among assemblage groups in the study area(A : organic matter content(%), B: acid volatile sulfide(mg S/g-dry)). 252
Fig. 132. Temporal variations of environmental characteristics among assemblage groups in the study area(A : chlorophyll-a concentration (㎍/ ㎤), B: phaeopigment concentration (㎍/㎤)). 253
Fig. 133. Temporal variations of benthic community healthiness among assemblage groups in the study area(A : AMBI, B: M-AMBI, C: BPI). 254
Fig. 134. Temporal variations of benthic polychaetous community among assemblage groups in the study area(A : Mean species number, B: Mean density(ind./㎡). 255