표제지
목차
제1장 서론 14
1.1. 연구 배경 및 선행 연구 14
1.2. 연구 목적 및 내용 17
제2장 금강 하구언 건설로 인한 환경변화 18
2.1. 연구 배경 18
2.2. 연구 지역 20
2.3. 재료 및 방법 22
2.3.1. 분석 항목 22
2.3.2. 분석 방법 22
2.3.3. 자료 분석 23
2.4. 결과 및 토의 25
2.4.1. 금강하구역의 수문학적 특성 25
가. 강수량, 방류량, 수위 변화 25
나. 수리적 체류시간 (HRT: Hydraulic Residence Time) 변화 28
2.4.2. 금강하구역의 수질 변화 32
가. 하구언 건설로 인한 수질 변화 32
나. 하구언 건설 이후 금강호의 장기 수질 변화 38
다. 금강호 방류수에 의한 금강하구 내 수질의 영향 64
2.5. 요약 및 결론 82
제3장 새만금 방조제 건설로 인한 환경변화 88
3.1. 연구 배경 88
3.2. 연구 지역 91
3.3. 재료 및 방법 93
3.3.1. 시료 채집 93
3.3.2. 분석 항목 및 방법 98
3.3.3. 자료 분석 99
3.4. 결과 및 고찰 101
3.4.1. 새만금 수역의 수문학적 특성 101
가. 강수량, 유량 101
나. 수위 변화 101
3.4.2. 새만금 수역 내 표층수의 장기 수질변화 104
가. 고정관측 자료 비교 104
나. 이동관측 자료 비교 107
다. 방조제 체절전과 후에 수질 항목들의 평균 비교 120
라. 방조제 체절로 인한 표층수의 수질 변화 해석 125
3.4.3. 새만금호 내 표층수와 저층수의 관계 134
가. 성층특성 134
나. 표층수와 저층수의 평균 비교 142
다. 저층수에서 물질의 증가 및 감소 145
3.4.4. 새만금호 내 퇴적물 화학 특성 161
가. 퇴적물 화학 조성 분포 161
나. 저층수와 퇴적물의 관계 170
3.4.5. 새만금호의 물질수지 분석 173
가. 물질수지를 위한 가정 173
나. 물수지와 염분수지 모델 174
다. 비보존성 물질수지 모델 178
라. 물수지와 염분수지 산정 179
마. DOC수지 산정 186
바. DIN수지 산정 188
사. DIP수지 산정 190
아· SiO₂-Si수지 산정 192
자. 새만금호의 물질수지 비교 및 생태계 대사 194
3.5. 요약 및 결론 202
제4장 종합 토의 207
참고문헌 213
요약 235
Abstract 238
Table 2-1. Physical consequences due to the dam building 31
Table 2-2. Comparisons of water qualities before and after the dam building 35
Table 2-3. Comparisons between St. Dam and St. Head by the paired T-test 44
Table 2-4. Estimated preferential uptake of PO₄-P and NH₄-N : the calculation procedures 45
Table 2-5. Mean LDs of wet season and dry season in the reservoir. 53
Table 2-6. Eigen values and cumulative percentages of components from PCA for the lacustrine water 62
Table 2-7. Rotated component matrices extracted from PCA for the lacustrine water (1995-2008) 63
Table 2-8. Comparisons of components for the estuarine and lacustrine water by PCA 66
Table 2-9. Rotated component matrices extracted from PCA for the estuarine and lacustrine water 67
Table 2-10. Comparisons of water qualities between the St. Estuary and St. Dam during the wet and dry season 78
Table 2-11. Mean concentrations of parameters and loadings of reservoir in the estuary between wet and dry season 79
Table 2-10. Correlation matrix between the daily water quality parameters from 1996 to 1999 in the estuarine side 80
Table 2-11. Summary of environmental consequences in the estuary due to the dam construction 86
Table 2-12. Summary of environmental consequences in the reservoir due to the dam construction 87
Table 3-1. Basic environmental parameters, investigation methods, and number of sampling station during the this study 94
Table 3-2. Comparisons of water qualities before and after the sea-dyke construction 122
Table 3-3. Results of one-way ANOVA for the water qualities among the three (Before, After 1, After 2) periods 123
Table 3-4. Difference among the three periods (Before, After 1, After 2) by Tukey test (p<0.05) 124
Table 3-5. Differences of water quality parameters between surface and bottom water by the paired T-test 144
Table 3-6. Comparison of benthic fluxes between dyke and river side 172
Table 3-7. Budgets of water volumes in the Saemangeum Lake 183
Table 3-8. Comparisons of Yeongil Bay and Saemangeum Lake 184
Table 3-9. Comparisons of each flux to total flux through seawater, river water, diffusion from sediment, SGD in the Saemangeum Lake 200
Table 3-10. Comparisons of DOC and nutrient fluxes through SGD in the coastal areas 201
Table 3-9. Summary of water qualities in the Saemangeum Lake due to the sea-dyke construction 206
Table 4-1. Comparisons of Geum-River reservoir and Saemangeum Lake 212
Fig. 2-1. Three stations in the Geum-River Estuary Dam System. 21
Fig. 2-2. Long-term monthly-accumulated precipitation, water level of the lake, and Geum-River discharge rate from 1992 to 2009. 26
Fig. 2-3. Frequency of gate operation from 1995 to 2008. 27
Fig. 2-4. Comparisons of long-term salinity, SS, and Chl-α in the Geum-River Estuary Dam System. Dotted lines indicate the dam building in 1994. 36
Fig. 2-5. Comparisons of long-term phosphate, ammonium, nitrate and DIN/DIP ratio in the Geum-River Estuary Dam System. Dotted lines indicate the dam building in 1994. 37
Fig. 2-6. Long-term variations of each parameter from St. Head and St. Dam in the Geum River. 41
Fig. 2-7. Cumulative load differences (CLDs) of DO, SS, Chl-α, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium in the reservoir. Where, positive CLDs means generating process, but the negative dose removal process in the lacustrine... 54
Fig. 2-8. Relationships between CLDs Chl-α and other CLDs in the reservoir. 56
Fig. 2-9. Relationships between CLDs SS and other CLDs in the reservoir. 58
Fig. 2-10. CLDs DO vs NO₃-N and CLDs NO₃-N vs NH₄-N in the reservoir. 59
Fig. 2-11. Two dimensional principal component (PC) 1 and 2. 68
Fig. 2-12. Seasonal comparisons between the estuary and the reservoir: principal component (PC) scores from PCA. The PC score is a linear combination of observed variables by eigenvectors during the wet and dry season. 77
Fig. 2-13. Schematized diagrams of phosphate behavior in the Geum-River Estuary Dam System under a) pre- and b) post-dam conditions. 81
Fig. 3-1. Progress of the Saemangeum reclamation project 92
Fig. 3-2. Investigated stations for mooring (☆) and survey (2002 - 2003 (●), 2006 - 2007 (○)) 96
Fig. 3-3. Investigated stations for survey (2008 - 2009 (●), 2010 (○)) 97
Fig. 3-4. Monthly accumulated precipitation during this study periods (2002 - 2010). 102
Fig. 3-5. Relationship between precipitation and discharge from Mankyeong and Dongjin Rivers in 2010. 102
Fig. 3-6. Changes of water level in the Saemangeum Lake before and after the sea-dyke construction. 103
Fig. 3-7. Diurnal variations of water quality parameters in surface water of the diurnal observation from Aug 1999 to Aug 2006. 106
Fig. 3-8. Long-term variations (circle: this study, square: KORDI, triangle: KRC) of salinity, Chl-α, and SS from surface water in the Saemangeum area. 109
Fig. 3-9. Long-term variations (circle: this study, square: KORDI, triangle: KRC) of DIN, PO₄-P, and SiO₂-Si from surface water in the Saemangeum area. 110
Fig. 3-10. Horizontal distribution of salinity (psu) from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 113
Fig. 3-11. Horizontal distribution of Chl-α (㎍/L) from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 114
Fig. 3-12. Horizontal distribution of SS (mg/L) from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 115
Fig. 3-13. Horizontal distribution of DIN (mg/L) from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 116
Fig. 3-14. Horizontal distribution of PO₄-P (mg/L) from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 117
Fig. 3-15. Horizontal distribution of SiO₂-Si (mg/L) from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 118
Fig. 3-16. Horizontal distribution of DIN/DIP from surface water in spring (a) and summer (b) during this study periods. 119
Fig. 3-17. Vertical profiles of temperature at river (a) and dyke (b) stations. 137
Fig. 3-18. Vertical profiles of salinity at river (a) and dyke (b) stations. 138
Fig. 3-19. Vertical profiles of DO concentration at river (a) and dyke (b) stations. 139
Fig. 3-20. Vertical profiles of DO saturation at river (a) and dyke (b) stations. 140
Fig. 3-21. Relationships between salinity vs. SS and salinity vs. TOC from surface water in 2010. 141
Fig. 3-23. Distributions of TN, NO₂-N, NO₃-N, and NH₄-N as a function of salinity. Horizontal solid (surface) and dash (bottom) line are the mean. 152
Fig. 3-24. Distributions of Chl-α, TP, PO₄-P, and SiO₂-Si as a function of salinity. Horizontal solid (surface) and dash (bottom) line are the mean. 153
Fig. 3-25. Concept for estimation of addition and removal concentration in bottom water. 154
Fig. 3-26. Increased and decreased concentration of NO₃-N in bottom water. △DO is to subtract bottom from surface. 155
Fig. 3-27. Increased and decreased concentration of NO₂-N in bottom water. △DO is to subtract bottom from surface. 156
Fig. 3-28. Increased and decreased concentration of NH₄-N in bottom water. △DO is to subtract bottom from surface. 157
Fig. 3-29. Increased and decreased concentration of PO₄-P in bottom water. △DO is to subtract bottom from surface. 158
Fig. 3-30. Increased and decreased concentration of SiO₄-Si in bottom water. △DO is to subtract bottom from surface. 159
Fig. 3-31. Relationships between △DO (surface - bottom) vs increased and decreased nutrients in bottom water. 160
Fig. 3-32. Horizontal distribution of TOC (%) from sediment in 2010. 163
Fig. 3-33. Horizontal distribution of LOI (%) from sediment in 2010. 164
Fig. 3-34. LOI/TOC ratio of sediment from river and dyke side. Dashed line indicates the LOI/OC ratio (2.7) from Redfield composition of organic matter. 165
Fig. 3-35. Horizontal distribution of DOC (mg/L) from pore-water in 2010. 166
Fig. 3-36. Horizontal distribution of NH₄-N (mg/L) from pore-water in 2010. 167
Fig. 3-37. Horizontal distribution of PO₄-P (mg/L) from pore-water in 2010. 168
Fig. 3-38. Horizontal distribution of SiO₂-Si (mg/L) from pore-water in 2010. 169
Fig. 3-39. Relationship between water level and volume of the Saemangeum Lake. Data cited the results from the investigation of KRC (person. comm.). 177
Fig. 3-40. Diagrams illustrating fluxes of water and salt in the Saemangeum Lake. The plus represents influx into the lake, whereas the minus does efflux from the lake. 185
Fig. 3-41. Diagrams illustrating fluxes of DOC in the Saemangeum Lake. The plus represents influx into the lake, whereas the minus does efflux from the lake. 187
Fig. 3-42. Diagrams illustrating fluxes of DIN in the Saemangeum Lake. The plus represents influx into the lake, whereas the minus does efflux from the lake. 189
Fig. 3-43. Diagrams illustrating fluxes of DIP in the Saemangeum Lake. The plus represents influx into the lake, whereas the minus does efflux from the lake. 191
Fig. 3-44. Diagrams illustrating fluxes of SiO₂-Si in the Saemangeum Lake. The plus represents influx into the lake, whereas the minus does efflux from the lake. 193