표제지
목차
I. 서론 15
1.1. 연구의 목적 15
1.2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 18
II. 이론적 배경 20
2.1. 국내·외 연구 현황 20
2.2. 엘리베이터 관련 국·내외 법적기준 27
2.3. 제연 원리 31
2.3.1. 구획(Compartmentation) 31
2.3.2. 희석(Dilution) 31
2.3.3. 가압(Pressurization) 33
2.3.4. 기류흐름(Air flow) 34
2.4. 연기의 제어 37
2.4.1. 연기의 이동 37
2.4.2. 급기가압 제연설비 39
2.5. 엘리베이터 연기제어 시스템 49
2.5.1. 압력 완화 벤트 시스템(Pressure Relief Vent System) 54
2.5.2. 기압 댐퍼 시스템(Barometric Damper System) 54
2.5.3. 가변 풍량 시스템(Variable Supply Air System) 56
2.5.4. 화재 층 배출 시스템(Fire Floor Exhaust System) 56
2.6. 피스톤 효과의 이론적 분석 57
2.6.1. 엘리베이터 운행 시 압력분석 57
2.6.2. 유량계수 분석 60
2.6.3. 피스톤 효과에 의한 임계압력 분석 63
2.7. 시뮬레이션 도구 65
2.7.1. FLUENT 65
2.7.2. CONTAMW 69
III. 피스톤 효과 실험 및 분석 75
3.1. 유량계수 산정 실험 76
3.1.1. 실험목적 및 방법 76
3.1.2. 대상건물 및 측정장비 78
3.1.3. 유량계수 산정 실험결과 82
3.2. 피스톤 효과 실험 88
3.2.1. 실험목적 및 방법 88
3.2.2. 대상건물 및 측정장비 89
3.2.3. 피스톤 효과 실험결과 94
3.3. 분석 및 고찰 102
IV. 피스톤 효과 시뮬레이션 및 분석 104
4.1. 유량계수 산정 시뮬레이션 104
4.1.1. 해석대상 105
4.1.2. 유량계수 산정 107
4.1.3. 수치해석 109
4.1.4. 격자계 및 경계조건 110
4.1.5. 시뮬레이션 결과 113
4.2. 피스톤 효과에 의한 제연성능 시뮬레이션 122
4.2.1. 건물의 이상화 및 구현 122
4.2.2. 입력데이터 123
4.2.3. 시뮬레이션 결과 126
4.3. 분석 및 고찰 148
V. 결론 150
NOMENCLATURE 154
참고문헌 155
Abstract 161
Table 2.1. Criteria for the general elevator 28
Table 2.2. NFSC 501A 41
Table 2.3. Typical flow areas for elevator doors with C=0.65 52
Table 2.4. Data and results from car flow coefficient tests 62
Table 3.1. Elevator specification for the flow coefficient tests 79
Table 3.2. Detailed specification of the measuring instruments 80
Table 3.3. Results of flow coefficient by field test 87
Table 3.4. High-rise buildings for the field tests 89
Table 3.5. Elevator specification for the piston effect tests 90
Table 3.6. Results of piston effect by field test 101
Table 4.1. Structure properties and boundary conditions 111
Table 4.2. Pressure value and flow coefficient as inlet velocity 120
Table 4.3. Indoor and outdoor conditions 124
Table 4.4. Typical leakage areas for exterior walls 124
Table 4.5. Air leakage areas of the doors 125
Table 4.6. Required air supply at each condition 144
Table 4.7. Pressure differential and smoke protection air velocity at... 145
Table 4.8. Pressure differential and airflow between indoor and... 146
Table 4.9. Required open force of door at increasing air supply... 147
Figure 1.1. Process of this study 19
Figure 2.1. Pressurization to stairs only with or without lobby 43
Figure 2.2. Pressurization to stairs and all associated lobbies 44
Figure 2.3. Smoke control for elevator evacuation by shaft... 50
Figure 2.4. Smoke control for elevator evacuation by lobby... 50
Figure 2.5. Elevator smoke control with a pressure relief vent 55
Figure 2.6. Elevator smoke control with fire floor exhaust 55
Figure 2.7. Airflow due to downward movement of elevator car 57
Figure 2.8. Convention used for determination of A and Af(이미지참조) 62
Figure 2.9. Example pressure differences from building to elevator... 65
Figure 3.1. Instruments used for field measurement 80
Figure 3.2. Description of measurement for flow coefficient test 81
Figure 3.3. Pressure change at the bottom of EL.1 82
Figure 3.4. Pressure change on the top of EL.1 83
Figure 3.5. Pressure change at the bottom of EL.2 83
Figure 3.6. Pressure change on the top of EL.2 84
Figure 3.7. Pressure change at the bottom of EL.3 84
Figure 3.8. Pressure change on the top of EL.3 85
Figure 3.9. Pressure change at the bottom of EL.4 85
Figure 3.10. Pressure change on the top of EL.4 86
Figure 3.11. Pressure change at the bottom of EL.5 86
Figure 3.12. Pressure change on the top of EL.5 87
Figure 3.13. Type of elevator hoistway 91
Figure 3.14. Description of measurement for piston effect test 93
Figure 3.15. Pressure change at the bottom of the single hoistvvay 95
Figure 3.16. Pressure change on the top of the single hoistway 95
Figure 3.17. Pressure change at the bottom of the double hoistway 96
Figure 3.18. Pressure change on the top of the double hoistway 97
Figure 3.19. Pressure change at the bottom of the triple hoistway 98
Figure 3.20. Pressure change on the top of the triple hoistway 98
Figure 3.21. Pressure change at the bottom of the quadruple... 99
Figure 3.22. Pressure change on the top of the quadruple... 100
Figure 3.23. Piston effect in type of hoistway 101
Figure 4.1. Schematics of elevator car and shaft walls 106
Figure 4.2. Modeling of flow between shaft and elevator car 107
Figure 4.3. Physical situation at modeling area 110
Figure 4.4. Grid system for present study: (a) With an elevator car... 112
Figure 4.5. Boundary conditions applied for present study 113
Figure 4.6. Side view of velocity vectors colored by velocity... 115
Figure 4.7. Pressure distributions at symmetry plane as inlet... 117
Figure 4.8. Path lines at inlet velocities 118
Figure 4.9. Flow coefficients as the inlet velocities 121
Figure 4.10. Schematic diagram of multi-zone model 123
Figure 4.11. Result of piston effect only 126
Figure 4.12. Result of lobby pressurization only for 50 Pa... 127
Figure 4.13. Result of lobby pressurization only for 0.7 m/s smoke... 128
Figure 4.14. Result of piston effect and lobby pressurization for 50... 129
Figure 4.15. Result of piston effect and lobby pressurization for 0.7... 130
Figure 4.16. Result of piston effect and increasing air supply... 130
Figure 4.17. Result of piston effect and increasing air supply... 131
Figure 4.18. Result of piston effect and very loose exterior wall 132
Figure 4.19. Result of piston effect and loose exterior wall 132
Figure 4.20. Result of piston effect and average exterior wall 133
Figure 4.21. Result of piston effect and tight exterior wall 133
Figure 4.22. Result of lobby pressurization and very loose... 134
Figure 4.23. Result of lobby pressurization and loose exterior wall 135
Figure 4.24. Result of lobby pressurization and average... 135
Figure 4.25. Result of lobby pressurization and tight... 136
Figure 4.26. Result of lobby pressurization for 50 Pa pressure... 137
Figure 4.27. Result of lobby pressurization for 50 Pa pressure... 137
Figure 4.28. Result of lobby pressurization for 50 Pa pressure... 138
Figure 4.29. Result of lobby pressurization for 50 Pa pressure... 138
Figure 4.30. Result of lobby pressurization for 0.7 m/s smoke... 139
Figure 4.31. Result of lobby pressurization for 0.7 m/s smoke... 140
Figure 4.32. Result of lobby pressurization for 0.7 m/s smoke... 140
Figure 4.33. Result of lobby pressurization for 0.7 m/s smoke... 141
Figure 4.34. Result of lobby pressurization for 50 Pa pressurization... 142
Figure 4.35. Result of lobby pressurization for 0.7m/s smoke... 143