title page
Abstract
Contents
I. Introduction 11
1.1. Motivation 11
1.2. Contribution 12
1.3. Outline 13
II. Background 14
2.1. Deformable model 14
2.1.1. Mass spring model 15
2.1.2. Finite Volume Method(FVM) 16
2.1.3. Free Form Deformation(FFD) 18
2.2. Related work 20
2.2.1. NURBS based FFD 21
2.2.2. Volume preserving in FFD 22
2.2.3. Anatomically based modeling 23
2.2.4. One layer FFD 24
2.2.5. FVM for skeletal muscles 24
2.3. Human anatomy 25
2.3.1. Muscle 25
2.3.2. Tendon 27
2.3.3. Bone 28
III. Anatomically based modeling with Layered FFD 29
3.1. Constraint NFFD 29
3.1.1. Muscle model 30
3.1.2. Linear muscle deformation 32
3.1.3. Muscle bending 37
3.2. Layered FFD 39
IV. Experiments and Discussion 42
4.1. Muscle deformation 42
4.2. NFFD 45
4.3. Volume preserving 45
4.4. Time performance 48
4.5. Layered FFD for skin deformation 49
4.6. Discussion 50
V. Conclusion 52
[국문요약] 54
References 56
Acknowledgements 60
Curriculum Vitae 62
Table 4.1. The ratio of volume preservation 46
Table 4.2. CPU time for each objects 49
Table 4.3. Comparison of related work 51
Figure 2.1. Mass spring model 16
Figure 2.2. Deformation of triangle 17
Figure 2.3. FFD research Flow 19
Figure 2.4. Deforming an object using 3×3×3 FFD. Left figure shows an initial object.… 20
Figure 2.5. The object deformed by moving one contol point in 10x10x10 FFD and… 22
Figure 2.6. Muscle type (a) fusiform (b) unipennate (c) bipennate (d)multipennate (e) triangular 26
Figure 2.7. Muscle structure 27
Figure 3.1. Axes of a bounding box 30
Figure 3.2. Two points of the action line 31
Figure 3.3. A muscle model 32
Figure 3.4. The boundary box 33
Figure 3.5. Volume preserving 35
Figure 3.6. Partial volume of an entire object. 36
Figure 3.7. Deforming a muscle: (a) initial state of a muscle. (b) when an insertion… 37
Figure 3.8. Muscle bending 39
Figure 3.9. The structure of a layered FFD. 41
Figure 3.10. Feature control points of a muscle layer 41
Figure 4.1. Deforming muscles 43
Figure 4.2. Bending muscles 44
Figure 4.3./Figure 3.3 Skin defined by NFFD 45
Figure 4.4. The volume preservation of muscles during contracing muscle. Each row… 48
Figure 4.5. Preserving the volume of a torus 49
Figure 4.6. Skinning 50