title page
Abstract
Contents
I. Introduction 11
1.1. Motivation 11
1.2. Contribution 12
1.3. Thesis Organization 13
II. Theoretical Background 14
2.1. Attention and Guidance in Learning 14
2.2. Memory in Learning (preview effect) 15
2.3. Hypothesis 17
III. Detection and Analysis of User Attention 18
3.1/2.1. EEG (Electro- Encephalogram) 18
3.2/2.2. ECG (Electro- Cardiogram) 19
3.3/2.3. GSR (galvanic sensor response) 20
3.4/2.4. Eye-tracking signal 21
IV. Method 22
4.1. The Ocean Virtual Environment 23
4.2. Subjects 24
4.3. Tasks 25
4.4. Experimental Design 25
4.5. Apparatus 28
4.6. Procedure 31
4.7. Evaluation 33
V. Results 35
5.1. Effect of guided or unguided learning 35
5.1.1. Attention and Mental Workload 36
5.1.2. Memory 38
5.1.3. Learning Attitude and Feeling 39
5.2. Effect of task order 41
5.2.1. Memory 42
5.2.2. Attention and Workload 43
5.2.3. Learning attitude and Feeling 45
5.3. Effect of First sequence 47
5.4. Effects of stimulus 49
5.4.1. Tactile feedback 51
5.4.2. View point change 52
5.4.3. Moving object and Bright color 52
5.4.4. Chaser situation 52
5.4.5. Unique appearance and behavior 54
VI. Conclusion 55
VII. Future Work 57
[국문초록] 58
References 59
Appendix 64
Acknowledgements 69
감사의 글 70
Curriculum Vitae 72
Table 1. The model of advance of organizer learning 16
Table 2. The overall results of comparison between Guided and Unguided. 35
Table 3. The SEF 50 value of EEG 36
Table 4. The number of snapshot images 39
Table 5. The overall results of comparison between G-U and U-G 41
Table 6. The number of memorable items according to the different task orders 42
Table 7. The average value of SEF 50 on both task orders 43
Table 8. The number of GSR startles on both task orders 44
Table 9. The average value of LF/HF of RRV on both task orders 44
Table 10. The number of startles on the GSR 47
Table 11. The mental workload (beta/alpha) of EEG 48
Table 12. The number of startles on GSR and Impact points of main stimulus items 50
Table 13. Thc impact point of the stimulus factors from posttest survey 50
Figure 1. Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve 16
Figure 2. RRV(R-R interval variability) 20
Figure 3. The Ocean virtual environment, populated with fish, corals, rocks and vents. 22
Figure 4. The snapshot images of five specific events: (a) angel fish (b) flat fish (c) ray fish (d) giant squid (e) angler 26
Figure 5. The layout of the experiment set up 28
Figure 6. Physiological sensor measuring devices 30
Figure 7. Task procedure 31
Figure 8. Visualization of startle points in a subject's GSR signal 33
Figure 9. The level of each task's difficulty from the posttest survey 37
Figure 10. The memorized items during both tasks. 38
Figure 11. The level of excitement 40
Figure 12. The level of fatigue from posttest survey 45
Figure 13. The level of 'presence' from posttest survey 46
Figure 14. The eye-gaze traces ova subject during the squid event 53